Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology

by Nelson, Randy J.

• ISBN13: 9780878936168
• ISBN10: 0878936165
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc

Summary

Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD. Textbook for students in behavioral endocrinology courses. This edition includes a new chapter on hormones and stress and a short list of additional readings providing detailed information on the material. Previous edition: c1994. Topics cover sex differences, reproductive behavior, parental behavior, and more.

Table of Contents

The Study of Behavioral Endocrinology	p. 1
Historical Roots of Behavioral Endocrinology	p. 2
Berthold's Experiment	p. 4
What Are Hormones?	p. 7
The Study of Behavior	p. 11
Problems of Behavioral Research	p. 12
How Is Behavior Described?	p. 12
The Simple System Approach	p. 12
Levels of Analysis	p. 13
How Might Hormones Affect Behavior?	p. 16
How Might Behavior Affect Hormones?	p. 17
Classes of Evidence for Determining Hormone--Behavior Interactions	p. 19
Common Techniques in Behavioral Endocrinology	p. 20
Ablation and Replacement	p. 20
Bioassays	p. 20
Immunoassays	p. 23
Immunocytochemistry	p. 24
Autoradiography	p. 25
Blot Tests	p. 26
Autoradiography Using In Situ Hybridization	p. 26
Stimulation and Recording	p. 27
Pharmacological Techniques	p. 27
Genetic Manipulations	p. 28
A Case Study: Effects of Leptin on Behavior	p. 29
Summary	p. 31
Questions for Discussion	p. 32
Suggested Readings	p. 33
The Endocrine System	p. 35
Chemical Communication	p. 36
General Features of the Endocrine System	p. 38
The Endocrine Glands	p. 40
The Hypothalamus	p. 44
The Pituitary Gland	p. 45
The Thyroid Gland	p. 47
The Pancreas	p. 50
The Gastrointestinal Tract	p. 51
The Adrenal Glands	p. 51
The Pineal Gland	p. 53
The Gonads	p. 54
The Placenta	p. 57
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action	p. 57
Hormone Receptor Types	p. 58
Transcription, Translation, and Post-translational Events	p. 62
The Major Vertebrate Hormones	p. 65
Protein and Peptide Hormones	p. 65
The Steroid Hormones	p. 78
The Monoamine Hormones	p. 87
The Lipid-Based Hormones	p. 88
How Hormones Are Regulated	p. 90
The Evolution of Hormones	p. 92
Summary	p. 94
Questions for Discussion	p. 95
Suggested Readings	p. 96
Sex Differences in Behavior: Sex Determination and Differentiation	p. 97
Sex Determination and Differentiation	p. 99
Ultimate Causes of Sex Differences	p. 100
Proximate Causes of Sex Differences	p. 103
Mammalian Sexual Differentiation	p. 104
Anomalous Mammalian Sexual Differentiation	p. 109
Avian Sexual Differentiation	p. 116
Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Male Polymorphism	p. 118
Environmental Sex Determination in Reptiles and Fishes	p. 122
The Effects of Hormones on Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors	p. 126
The Organizational/Activational Hypothesis	p. 127
Sexual Differentiation and Behavior	p. 135
Environmental Influences on Mammalian Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System	p. 138
Conclusions	p. 140
Summary	p. 141
Questions for Discussion	p. 144
Suggested Readings	p. 144
Sex Differences in Behavior: Animal Models and Humans	p. 145
Neural Bases of Mammalian Sex Differences	p. 148
Molecular Sex Differences in the Brain	p. 153
Animal Models for Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors	p. 156
Bird Song	p. 156
Courtship Behavior of the Plainfin Midshipman Fish	p. 160
Urinary Posture in Canines	p. 161
Rough-and-Tumble Play in Primates	p. 164
Sex Differences in Human Behavior	p. 168
Gender Role	p. 172
Gender Identity	p. 175
Sexual Orientation/Sexual Preference	p. 178
Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities	p. 183
Perception and Sensory Abilities	p. 183
Lateralization of Cognitive Function	p. 187
Verbal Skills	p. 188
Mathematical Reasoning and Visuospatial Abilities	p. 191
Conclusions	p. 193
Summary	p. 194
Questions for Discussion	p. 196
Suggested Readings	p. 197
Male Reproductive Behavior	p. 199
The Proximate Bases of Male Sexual Behavior	p. 202
Historical Origins of Research on Male Sexual Behavior	p. 204
Male Sexual Behavior in Rodents	p. 208
Male Mating Behavior: A Description	p. 209
Hormonal Correlates of Male Mating Behavior	p. 212
Brain Mechanisms of Male Mating Behavior	p. 219
Conclusions	p. 235
Social Influences on Male Mating Behavior	p. 236
Individual Differences in Male Mating Behavior	p. 240
Male Sexual Behavior in Primates	p. 243
The Strength of the Sex Drive in Human Males	p. 243
Human Male Sexual Behavior: A Description	p. 245
Nonhuman Primate Male Sexual Behavior: A Description	p. 246
Hormonal Correlates of Primate Male Sexual Behavior	p. 248
Brain Mechanisms of Primate Male Sexual Behavior	p. 254
Social Influences on Male Sexual Behavior	p. 256
Individual Variation and Aging	p. 257
Peptide Hormones and Male Sexual Behavior	p. 259
Male Reproductive Behavior in Birds	p. 260
Male Reproductive Behavior in Reptiles	p. 263
Conclusions	p. 268
Summary	p. 269
Question for Discussion	p. 271
Suggested Readings	p. 271
Female Reproductive Behavior	p. 273
Early Discoveries about Female Sexual Behavior	p. 275
The Development of the Vaginal Cytological Assay	p. 276
Research in the "Modern Era"	p. 280
Mammalian Female Mating Behavior: A Description	p. 282
Rodents	p. 282
Canines	p. 283
Primates	p. 285
Are Females Active Participants in Sexual Behavior?	p. 286
Components of Female Sexual Behavior	p. 288
Attractivity	p. 290
Proceptivity	p. 295
Receptivity	p. 297
Female Reproductive Cycles	p. 303
Types of Reproductive Cycles	p. 304
The Ecology of Reproductive Cycles	p. 305
Social and Environmental Effects on Reproductive Cycles	p. 308
Experimental Analyses of Female Sexual Behavior	p. 313
Hormonal Correlates of Female Reproductive Cycles	p. 314
Neural Mechanisms Mediating Female Sexual Behavior	p. 320
Genetic Knockouts	p. 327
A Neural Model of Lordosis	p. 328
Summary	p. 332
Questions for Discussion	p. 334
Suggested Readings	p. 335
Parental Behavior	p. 337
What Is Parental Behavior?	p. 339
Sex Differences in Parental Behavior	p. 343
Parental Behavior in Birds	p. 345
Endocrine Correlates of Avian Parental Behavior	p. 347
Parental Behavior in Mammals	p. 353
Endocrine Correlates of Mammalian Parental Behavior	p. 359
Neural Changes Associated with Parental Behavior	p. 382
Conclusions	p. 391
Summary	p. 391
Question for Discussion	p. 393
Suggested Readings	p. 393
Affiliative and Aggressive Behavior	p. 395
Affiliation	p. 396
Aggression	p. 402
Seasonal Changes in Social Behavior	p. 407
Aggression and the Breeding Cycle: Red Deer	p. 408
Signals of Social Rank: Harris's Sparrows	p. 409
Aggression and Winter Survival: Voles	p. 412
Testosterone and the Energetic Costs of Aggression: Lizards	p. 414
Do Seasonal Hormone Changes in Primates Correlate with Aggression?	p. 415
Increases in Aggression at Puberty	p. 415
Is it Adaptive for Rodents to Be Aggressive at Puberty?	p. 416
The Timing of Puberty: Birds	p. 416
Hormones and Dispersal Strategies: Primates	p. 417
Sex Differences in Social Behavior	p. 420
The Organization and Activation of Aggression: Mice	p. 420
Hormones and Dispersal: Ground Squirrels	p. 421
Hormones and Dominance Status: Canines	p. 423
Flank Marking: Hamsters	p. 424
Sex Differences in Play Behavior: Primates	p. 425
Sex Role Reversals	p. 426
Individual Differences in Aggression	p. 428
Social Experience Feeds Back to Influence Hormone Concentrations	p. 429
The Challenge Hypothesis: Birds	p. 429
Hormones, Competition, and Violent Behavior: Humans	p. 434
Physiological Mechanisms Mediating Hormonal Effects on Social Behavior	p. 439
Conclusions	p. 442
Summary	p. 443
Questions for Discussion	p. 444
Suggested Readings	p. 445
Homeostasis and Behavior	p. 447
Basic Concepts in Homeostasis	p. 450
Fluid Balance	p. 453
Endocrine Regulation of Fluid Balance and Thirst	p. 460
Sodium Balance	p. 463
How Do Hormones Regulate Drinking Behavior?	p. 468
Energy Balance	p. 469
Metabolism during the Well-Fed State	p. 470
Metabolism during the Fasting State	p. 472
Control of Food Intake	p. 474
Peptide Hormones and Food Intake	p. 478
Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Food Intake, and Body Mass	p. 484
Seasonal Body Mass Cycles	p. 489
Inhibition of Reproduction to Maintain Energy Balance	p. 490
Specific Hungers	p. 492
Conclusions	p. 493
Summary	p. 493
Questions for Discussion	p. 495
Suggested Readings	p. 495
Biological Rhythms	p. 497
Exogenous versus Endogenous Control of Biological Clocks	p. 500
Types of Biological Clocks and Rhythms	p. 502
Examples of Biological Rhythms in Behavior	p. 510
Usefulness of Biological Clocks	p. 515
Circadian Clocks	p. 518
Localization of Circadian Clocks	p. 518
Circadian Rhythms, Hormones, and Behavior	p. 530
Circannual and Seasonal Rhythms	p. 534
Ultimate and Proximate Factors Underlying Seasonality	p. 535
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Underlying Seasonality	p. 537
Timing Mechanisms	p. 537
Neural Mechanisms of Endogenous and Exogenous Seasonal Timekeeping	p. 541
Activational Aspects of Timing Mechanisms	p. 543
Conclusions	p. 553
Summary	p. 553
Questions for Discussion	p. 555
Suggested Readings	p. 555
Stress	p. 557
The Stress Response	p. 559
General Adaptation Syndrome	p. 563
What Is "Stress"?	p. 564
Physiological Effects of the Stress Response	p. 565
Pathological Effects of the Stress Response	p. 567
Perinatal Stress	p. 569
Reproductive Dysfunction	p. 576
Stress and Social Behavior	p. 582
Seasonal Fluctuations in Stress Responses	p. 584
Psychological Factors in Stress and Coping	p. 586
Control, Predictability, and Outlets for Frustration	p. 587
Stress and Drug Abuse	p. 588
Summary	p. 590
Questions for Discussion	p. 591
Suggested Readings	p. 591
Learning and Memory	p. 593
Components of Learning and Memory	p. 594
The Effects of Hormones on Learning and Memory	p. 597
Epinephrine	p. 597
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)	p. 606
Vasopressin and Oxytocin	p. 609
Endogenous Opiates	p. 610
Cholecystokinin	p. 614
Sex Differences in Learning and Memory	p. 615
Androgens	p. 617
Estrogens	p. 618
Glucocorticoids	p. 621
Other Hormones	p. 623
Summary	p. 625
Questions for Discussion	p. 626
Suggested Readings	p. 626
Hormones and Mood	p. 627
Perimenstrual Syndrome	p. 628
The Social Context of PMS	p. 628
What Is PMS?	p. 630
Hormonal Correlates of PMS	p. 633
Cognitive Features of PMS	p. 638
Hormones and Depression	p. 639
Postpartum Depression	p. 643
Seasonal Affective Disorder	p. 645
Androgens and Affective Disorders	p. 651
Summary	p. 656
Questions for Discussion	p. 657
Suggested Readings	p. 658
Glossary	p. 659
References	p. 667
Illustration Credits	p. 711
Index	p. 712
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