The Study of Behavioral Endocrinology | p. 1 |
Historical Roots of Behavioral Endocrinology | p. 2 |
Berthold's Experiment | p. 4 |
What Are Hormones? | p. 7 |
The Study of Behavior | p. 11 |
Problems of Behavioral Research | p. 12 |
How Is Behavior Described? | p. 12 |
The Simple System Approach | p. 12 |
Levels of Analysis | p. 13 |
How Might Hormones Affect Behavior? | p. 16 |
How Might Behavior Affect Hormones? | p. 17 |
Classes of Evidence for Determining Hormone--Behavior Interactions | p. 19 |
Common Techniques in Behavioral Endocrinology | p. 20 |
Ablation and Replacement | p. 20 |
Bioassays | p. 20 |
Immunoassays | p. 23 |
Immunocytochemistry | p. 24 |
Autoradiography | p. 25 |
Blot Tests | p. 26 |
Autoradiography Using In Situ Hybridization | p. 26 |
Stimulation and Recording | p. 27 |
Pharmacological Techniques | p. 27 |
Genetic Manipulations | p. 28 |
A Case Study: Effects of Leptin on Behavior | p. 29 |
Summary | p. 31 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 32 |
Suggested Readings | p. 33 |
The Endocrine System | p. 35 |
Chemical Communication | p. 36 |
General Features of the Endocrine System | p. 38 |
The Endocrine Glands | p. 40 |
The Hypothalamus | p. 44 |
The Pituitary Gland | p. 45 |
The Thyroid Gland | p. 47 |
The Pancreas | p. 50 |
The Gastrointestinal Tract | p. 51 |
The Adrenal Glands | p. 51 |
The Pineal Gland | p. 53 |
The Gonads | p. 54 |
The Placenta | p. 57 |
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action | p. 57 |
Hormone Receptor Types | p. 58 |
Transcription, Translation, and Post-translational Events | p. 62 |
The Major Vertebrate Hormones | p. 65 |
Protein and Peptide Hormones | p. 65 |
The Steroid Hormones | p. 78 |
The Monoamine Hormones | p. 87 |
The Lipid-Based Hormones | p. 88 |
How Hormones Are Regulated | p. 90 |
The Evolution of Hormones | p. 92 |
Summary | p. 94 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 95 |
Suggested Readings | p. 96 |
Sex Differences in Behavior: Sex Determination and Differentiation | p. 97 |
Sex Determination and Differentiation | p. 99 |
Ultimate Causes of Sex Differences | p. 100 |
Proximate Causes of Sex Differences | p. 103 |
Mammalian Sexual Differentiation | p. 104 |
Anomalous Mammalian Sexual Differentiation | p. 109 |
Avian Sexual Differentiation | p. 116 |
Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Male Polymorphism | p. 118 |
Environmental Sex Determination in Reptiles and Fishes | p. 122 |
The Effects of Hormones on Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors | p. 126 |
The Organizational/Activational Hypothesis | p. 127 |
Sexual Differentiation and Behavior | p. 135 |
Environmental Influences on Mammalian Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System | p. 138 |
Conclusions | p. 140 |
Summary | p. 141 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 144 |
Suggested Readings | p. 144 |
Sex Differences in Behavior: Animal Models and Humans | p. 145 |
Neural Bases of Mammalian Sex Differences | p. 148 |
Molecular Sex Differences in the Brain | p. 153 |
Animal Models for Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors | p. 156 |
Bird Song | p. 156 |
Courtship Behavior of the Plainfin Midshipman Fish | p. 160 |
Urinary Posture in Canines | p. 161 |
Rough-and-Tumble Play in Primates | p. 164 |
Sex Differences in Human Behavior | p. 168 |
Gender Role | p. 172 |
Gender Identity | p. 175 |
Sexual Orientation/Sexual Preference | p. 178 |
Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities | p. 183 |
Perception and Sensory Abilities | p. 183 |
Lateralization of Cognitive Function | p. 187 |
Verbal Skills | p. 188 |
Mathematical Reasoning and Visuospatial Abilities | p. 191 |
Conclusions | p. 193 |
Summary | p. 194 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 196 |
Suggested Readings | p. 197 |
Male Reproductive Behavior | p. 199 |
The Proximate Bases of Male Sexual Behavior | p. 202 |
Historical Origins of Research on Male Sexual Behavior | p. 204 |
Male Sexual Behavior in Rodents | p. 208 |
Male Mating Behavior: A Description | p. 209 |
Hormonal Correlates of Male Mating Behavior | p. 212 |
Brain Mechanisms of Male Mating Behavior | p. 219 |
Conclusions | p. 235 |
Social Influences on Male Mating Behavior | p. 236 |
Individual Differences in Male Mating Behavior | p. 240 |
Male Sexual Behavior in Primates | p. 243 |
The Strength of the Sex Drive in Human Males | p. 243 |
Human Male Sexual Behavior: A Description | p. 245 |
Nonhuman Primate Male Sexual Behavior: A Description | p. 246 |
Hormonal Correlates of Primate Male Sexual Behavior | p. 248 |
Brain Mechanisms of Primate Male Sexual Behavior | p. 254 |
Social Influences on Male Sexual Behavior | p. 256 |
Individual Variation and Aging | p. 257 |
Peptide Hormones and Male Sexual Behavior | p. 259 |
Male Reproductive Behavior in Birds | p. 260 |
Male Reproductive Behavior in Reptiles | p. 263 |
Conclusions | p. 268 |
Summary | p. 269 |
Question for Discussion | p. 271 |
Suggested Readings | p. 271 |
Female Reproductive Behavior | p. 273 |
Early Discoveries about Female Sexual Behavior | p. 275 |
The Development of the Vaginal Cytological Assay | p. 276 |
Research in the "Modern Era" | p. 280 |
Mammalian Female Mating Behavior: A Description | p. 282 |
Rodents | p. 282 |
Canines | p. 283 |
Primates | p. 285 |
Are Females Active Participants in Sexual Behavior? | p. 286 |
Components of Female Sexual Behavior | p. 288 |
Attractivity | p. 290 |
Proceptivity | p. 295 |
Receptivity | p. 297 |
Female Reproductive Cycles | p. 303 |
Types of Reproductive Cycles | p. 304 |
The Ecology of Reproductive Cycles | p. 305 |
Social and Environmental Effects on Reproductive Cycles | p. 308 |
Experimental Analyses of Female Sexual Behavior | p. 313 |
Hormonal Correlates of Female Reproductive Cycles | p. 314 |
Neural Mechanisms Mediating Female Sexual Behavior | p. 320 |
Genetic Knockouts | p. 327 |
A Neural Model of Lordosis | p. 328 |
Summary | p. 332 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 334 |
Suggested Readings | p. 335 |
Parental Behavior | p. 337 |
What Is Parental Behavior? | p. 339 |
Sex Differences in Parental Behavior | p. 343 |
Parental Behavior in Birds | p. 345 |
Endocrine Correlates of Avian Parental Behavior | p. 347 |
Parental Behavior in Mammals | p. 353 |
Endocrine Correlates of Mammalian Parental Behavior | p. 359 |
Neural Changes Associated with Parental Behavior | p. 382 |
Conclusions | p. 391 |
Summary | p. 391 |
Question for Discussion | p. 393 |
Suggested Readings | p. 393 |
Affiliative and Aggressive Behavior | p. 395 |
Affiliation | p. 396 |
Aggression | p. 402 |
Seasonal Changes in Social Behavior | p. 407 |
Aggression and the Breeding Cycle: Red Deer | p. 408 |
Signals of Social Rank: Harris's Sparrows | p. 409 |
Aggression and Winter Survival: Voles | p. 412 |
Testosterone and the Energetic Costs of Aggression: Lizards | p. 414 |
Do Seasonal Hormone Changes in Primates Correlate with Aggression? | p. 415 |
Increases in Aggression at Puberty | p. 415 |
Is it Adaptive for Rodents to Be Aggressive at Puberty? | p. 416 |
The Timing of Puberty: Birds | p. 416 |
Hormones and Dispersal Strategies: Primates | p. 417 |
Sex Differences in Social Behavior | p. 420 |
The Organization and Activation of Aggression: Mice | p. 420 |
Hormones and Dispersal: Ground Squirrels | p. 421 |
Hormones and Dominance Status: Canines | p. 423 |
Flank Marking: Hamsters | p. 424 |
Sex Differences in Play Behavior: Primates | p. 425 |
Sex Role Reversals | p. 426 |
Individual Differences in Aggression | p. 428 |
Social Experience Feeds Back to Influence Hormone Concentrations | p. 429 |
The Challenge Hypothesis: Birds | p. 429 |
Hormones, Competition, and Violent Behavior: Humans | p. 434 |
Physiological Mechanisms Mediating Hormonal Effects on Social Behavior | p. 439 |
Conclusions | p. 442 |
Summary | p. 443 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 444 |
Suggested Readings | p. 445 |
Homeostasis and Behavior | p. 447 |
Basic Concepts in Homeostasis | p. 450 |
Fluid Balance | p. 453 |
Endocrine Regulation of Fluid Balance and Thirst | p. 460 |
Sodium Balance | p. 463 |
How Do Hormones Regulate Drinking Behavior? | p. 468 |
Energy Balance | p. 469 |
Metabolism during the Well-Fed State | p. 470 |
Metabolism during the Fasting State | p. 472 |
Control of Food Intake | p. 474 |
Peptide Hormones and Food Intake | p. 478 |
Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Food Intake, and Body Mass | p. 484 |
Seasonal Body Mass Cycles | p. 489 |
Inhibition of Reproduction to Maintain Energy Balance | p. 490 |
Specific Hungers | p. 492 |
Conclusions | p. 493 |
Summary | p. 493 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 495 |
Suggested Readings | p. 495 |
Biological Rhythms | p. 497 |
Exogenous versus Endogenous Control of Biological Clocks | p. 500 |
Types of Biological Clocks and Rhythms | p. 502 |
Examples of Biological Rhythms in Behavior | p. 510 |
Usefulness of Biological Clocks | p. 515 |
Circadian Clocks | p. 518 |
Localization of Circadian Clocks | p. 518 |
Circadian Rhythms, Hormones, and Behavior | p. 530 |
Circannual and Seasonal Rhythms | p. 534 |
Ultimate and Proximate Factors Underlying Seasonality | p. 535 |
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Underlying Seasonality | p. 537 |
Timing Mechanisms | p. 537 |
Neural Mechanisms of Endogenous and Exogenous Seasonal Timekeeping | p. 541 |
Activational Aspects of Timing Mechanisms | p. 543 |
Conclusions | p. 553 |
Summary | p. 553 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 555 |
Suggested Readings | p. 555 |
Stress | p. 557 |
The Stress Response | p. 559 |
General Adaptation Syndrome | p. 563 |
What Is "Stress"? | p. 564 |
Physiological Effects of the Stress Response | p. 565 |
Pathological Effects of the Stress Response | p. 567 |
Perinatal Stress | p. 569 |
Reproductive Dysfunction | p. 576 |
Stress and Social Behavior | p. 582 |
Seasonal Fluctuations in Stress Responses | p. 584 |
Psychological Factors in Stress and Coping | p. 586 |
Control, Predictability, and Outlets for Frustration | p. 587 |
Stress and Drug Abuse | p. 588 |
Summary | p. 590 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 591 |
Suggested Readings | p. 591 |
Learning and Memory | p. 593 |
Components of Learning and Memory | p. 594 |
The Effects of Hormones on Learning and Memory | p. 597 |
Epinephrine | p. 597 |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | p. 606 |
Vasopressin and Oxytocin | p. 609 |
Endogenous Opiates | p. 610 |
Cholecystokinin | p. 614 |
Sex Differences in Learning and Memory | p. 615 |
Androgens | p. 617 |
Estrogens | p. 618 |
Glucocorticoids | p. 621 |
Other Hormones | p. 623 |
Summary | p. 625 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 626 |
Suggested Readings | p. 626 |
Hormones and Mood | p. 627 |
Perimenstrual Syndrome | p. 628 |
The Social Context of PMS | p. 628 |
What Is PMS? | p. 630 |
Hormonal Correlates of PMS | p. 633 |
Cognitive Features of PMS | p. 638 |
Hormones and Depression | p. 639 |
Postpartum Depression | p. 643 |
Seasonal Affective Disorder | p. 645 |
Androgens and Affective Disorders | p. 651 |
Summary | p. 656 |
Questions for Discussion | p. 657 |
Suggested Readings | p. 658 |
Glossary | p. 659 |
References | p. 667 |
Illustration Credits | p. 711 |
Index | p. 712 |
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