An Introduction To Behavioral Endocrinology

by Nelson, Randy J.

• ISBN13: 9780878936175
• ISBN10: 0878936173
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-30
• Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc

Summary

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Textbook provides an introduction to students in the behavioral endocrinology sciences utilizing animal models. Topics covered include sex difference in behavior, male/female reproductive behavior, hormones and social behavior, and biological rhythms. Updated edition includes a CD-ROM with animated tutorials and videos. Previous edition: c2000.

Table of Contents

The Study of Behavioral Endocrinology	1	(40)
Historical Roots of Behavioral Endocrinology	2	(6)
Box 1.1 The Hijras of India	4	(1)
Berthold's Experiment	5	(3)
What Are Hormones?	8	(4)
Box 1.2 Frank A. Beach and the Origins of the Modern Era of Behavioral Endocrinology	8	(2)
Box 1.3 Neural Transmission Versus Hormonal Communication	10	(2)
The Study of Behavior	12	(5)
Problems of Behavioral Research	12	(1)
How Is Behavior Described?	13	(1)
The Simple System Approach	13	(1)
Levels of Analysis	14	(3)
How Might Hormones Affect Behavior?	17	(1)
How Might Behavior Affect Hormones?	18	(2)
Classes of Evidence for Determining Hormone-Behavior Interactions	20	(1)
Common Techniques in Behavioral Endocrinology	21	(18)
Ablation and Replacement	21	(1)
Bioassays	22	(2)
Immunoassays	24	(2)
Immunocytochemistry	26	(1)
Autoradiography	27	(1)
Blot Tests	28	(1)
Autoradiography Using In Situ Hybridization	29	(1)
Stimulation and Recording	29	(1)
Pharmacological Techniques	30	(1)
Microdialysis	30	(1)
Brain Imaging	31	(1)
Genetic Manipulations	32	(4)
Gene Arrays	36	(1)
A Case Study: Effects of Leptin on Behavior	36	(3)
Summary	39	(1)
Questions for Discussion	40	(1)
Suggested Readings	40	(1)
The Endocrine System	41	(68)
Chemical Communication	42	(2)
General Features of the Endocrine System	44	(3)
The Endocrine Glands	47	(17)
The Hypothalamus	49	(1)
Box 2.1 Invertebrate Endocrinology	50	(2)
The Pituitary Gland	52	(2)
The Thyroid Gland	54	(2)
The Pancreas	56	(1)
The Gastrointestinal Tract	57	(1)
The Adrenal Glands	57	(2)
The Pineal Gland	59	(1)
The Gonads	59	(5)
The Placenta	64	(1)
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action	64	(7)
Hormone Receptor Types	64	(6)
Transcription, Translation, and Post-Translational Events	70	(1)
The Major Vertebrate Hormones	71	(30)
Protein and Peptide Hormones	72	(13)
Box 2.2 The Discovery of Secretin	85	(4)
The Steroid Hormones	89	(9)
The Monoamine Hormones	98	(1)
The Lipid-Based Hormones	99	(2)
How Hormones Are Regulated	101	(2)
The Evolution of Hormones	103	(2)
Summary	105	(2)
Questions for Discussion	107	(1)
Suggested Readings	107	(2)
Sex Differences in Behavior: Sex Determination and Differentiation	109	(60)
Sex Determination and Differentiation	112	(5)
Ultimate Causes of Sex Differences	113	(1)
Box 3.1 Behavioral Sex Role Reversals	114	(2)
Proximate Causes of Sex Differences	116	(1)
Mammalian Sexual Differentiation	117	(13)
Anomalous Mammalian Sexual Differentiation	123	(7)
Avian Sexual Differentiation	130	(2)
Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Male Polymorphism	132	(3)
Environmental Sex Determination in Reptiles and Fishes	135	(5)
The Effects of Hormones on Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors	140	(16)
The Organizational/Activational Hypothesis	140	(2)
Box 3.2 William C. Young	142	(9)
Sexual Differentiation and Behavior	151	(2)
The Role of Steroid Receptors	153	(2)
Conclusions	155	(1)
Environmental Influences on Mammalian Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System	156	(8)
Box 3.3 Epigenetic Effects on Sexual Dimorphism: Direct Maternal Provisioning of Steroids to Offspring	158	(6)
Summary	164	(3)
Questions for Discussion	167	(1)
Suggested Readings	168	(1)
Sex Differences in Behavior: Animal Models and Humans	169	(66)
Neural Bases of Mammalian Sex Differences	171	(12)
Box 4.1 The Organization of Avian Copulatory Behavior	172	(7)
Molecular Sex Differences in the Brain	179	(4)
Animal Models for Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors	183	(17)
Bird Song	184	(6)
Courtship Behavior of the Plainfin Midshipman Fish	190	(2)
Urinary Posture in Canines	192	(3)
Courtship Behavior of Electric Fishes	195	(2)
Rough-and-Tumble Play in Primates	197	(3)
Sex Differences in Human Behavior	200	(12)
Box 4.2 Ambiguous Genitalia: Which Course of Treatment?	202	(3)
Gender Role	205	(3)
Gender Identity	208	(1)
Sexual Orientation/Sexual Preference	209	(3)
Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities	212	(18)
Box 4.3 Hormonal Influences on Mate Choice	212	(2)
Box 4.4 The Spinal Nucleus of the Bulbocavernosus Muscle	214	(2)
Perception and Sensory Abilities	216	(5)
Lateralization of Cognitive Function	221	(1)
Verbal Skills	222	(2)
Mathematical Reasoning and Visuospatial Abilities	224	(4)
Box 4.5 Hormones, Sex Differences, and Art	228	(1)
Conclusions	229	(1)
Summary	230	(2)
Questions for Discussion	232	(1)
Suggested Readings	233	(2)
Male Reproductive Behavior	235	(84)
The Proximate Bases of Male Sexual Behavior	237	(3)
Box 5.1 Battle of the ``Sexes''	237	(3)
Historical Origins of Research on Male Sexual Behavior	240	(5)
Male Sexual Behavior in Rodents	245	(40)
Mating Behavior: A Description	245	(4)
Hormonal Correlates of Male Mating Behavior	249	(6)
Box 5.2 Anatomy of the Penis	255	(2)
Brain Mechanisms of Male Mating Behavior	257	(17)
Box 5.3 Erectile Dysfunction, Nitric Oxide, and Viagra	274	(3)
Conclusions	277	(1)
Social Influences on Male Mating Behavior	277	(4)
Individual Differences in Male Mating Behavior	281	(4)
Male Sexual Behavior in Primates	285	(19)
The Strength of the Sex Drive in Human Males	285	(2)
Human Male Sexual Behavior: A Description	287	(2)
Nonhuman Primate Male Sexual Behavior: A Description	289	(2)
Hormonal Correlates of Primate Male Sexual Behavior	291	(5)
Brain Mechanisms of Primate Male Sexual Behavior	296	(4)
Social Influences on Primate Male Sexual Behavior	300	(1)
Individual Variation and Aging	301	(1)
Peptide Hormones and Male Sexual Behavior	302	(1)
Box 5.4 Sodefrin, a Female-Attracting Pheromone in Newts	303	(1)
Male Reproductive Behavior in Birds	304	(5)
Male Reproductive Behavior in Reptiles	309	(4)
Conclusions	313	(1)
Summary	314	(2)
Questions for Discussion	316	(1)
Suggested Readings	316	(3)
Female Reproductive Behavior	319	(68)
Early Discoveries about Female Sexual Behavior	322	(7)
The Development of the Vaginal Cytological Assay	322	(5)
Research in the ``Modern Era''	327	(2)
Mammalian Female Mating Behavior: A Description	329	(6)
Rodents	329	(2)
Canines	331	(1)
Primates	332	(1)
Are Females Active Participants in Sexual Behavior?	333	(2)
Components of Female Sexual Behavior	335	(16)
Attractivity	338	(2)
Box 6.1 Chemosignals and Courtship in the Red-Sided Garter Snake	340	(3)
Proceptivity	343	(1)
Receptivity	344	(7)
Female Reproductive Cycles	351	(10)
Types of Reproductive Cycles	352	(1)
The Ecology of Reproductive Cycles	353	(4)
Social and Environmental Effects on Reproductive Cycles	357	(2)
Box 6.2 Human Pheromones	359	(1)
Box 6.3 Illness Suppresses Female Sexual Behavior	360	(1)
Experimental Analyses of Female Sexual Behavior	361	(14)
Hormonal Correlates of Female Reproductive Cycles	362	(5)
Neural Mechanisms Mediating Female Sexual Behavior	367	(8)
Gene Knockout Studies	375	(3)
A Neural Model of Lordosis	376	(2)
Neural Models of Preceptive Behaviors	378	(4)
Box 6.4 Nongenomic Behavioral Effects of Steroid Hormones	380	(2)
Summary	382	(3)
Questions for Discussion	385	(1)
Suggested Readings	385	(2)
Parental Behavior	387	(68)
What Is Parental Behavior?	389	(5)
Box 7.1 Parental Care Among Insects	392	(2)
Sex Differences in Parental Behavior	394	(1)
Parental Behavior in Birds	395	(10)
Avian Parental Behavior: A Description	395	(3)
Endocrine Correlates of Avian Parental Behavior	398	(2)
Box 7.2 Daniel S. Lehrman	400	(5)
Parental Behavior in Mammals	405	(35)
Mammalian Maternal Behavior	405	(6)
Mammalian Paternal Behavior	411	(2)
Endocrine Correlates of Mammalian Parental Behavior	413	(4)
The Onset of Maternal Behavior	417	(5)
Maternal Aggression	422	(1)
Box 7.3 Maternal Behavior in Sheep	423	(2)
Maintenance and Termination of Maternal Behavior	425	(3)
Box 7.4 Offspring Behavior and the Maintenance of Maternal Behavior	428	(3)
Endocrine Correlates of Primate Maternal Behavior	431	(6)
Endocrine Correlates of Paternal Behavior	437	(3)
Neural Changes Associated with Parental Behavior	440	(10)
Conclusions	450	(1)
Summary	451	(2)
Questions for Discussion	453	(1)
Suggested Readings	454	(1)
Hormones and Social Behavior	455	(68)
Affiliation	456	(11)
Imaging Studies of Humans	456	(1)
Adaptive Function of Affiliation	457	(1)
Hormones and Affiliation	458	(9)
Aggression	467	(6)
Seasonal Changes in Social Behavior	473	(10)
Aggression and the Breeding Cycle: Red Deer	473	(2)
Signals of Social Rank: Harris's Sparrows	475	(3)
Aggression and Winter Survival: Rodents	478	(3)
Testosterone and the Energetic Costs of Aggression: Lizards	481	(1)
Do Seasonal Hormonal Changes in Primates Correlate with Aggression?	482	(1)
Increases in Aggression at Puberty	483	(5)
Social Influences on the Development of Aggressive Behavior	484	(1)
Is It Adaptive for Rodents To Be Aggressive at Puberty?	485	(1)
The Timing of Puberty: Birds	486	(1)
Dispersal Strategies and Social Status in Primates	487	(1)
Sex Differences in Social Behavior	488	(10)
The Organization and Activation of Aggression: Mice	489	(1)
Sex Differences in Dispersal: Ground Squirrels	490	(2)
Hormones and Dominance Status: Canies	492	(2)
Sex Differences in Play Behavior: Primates	494	(1)
Sex Role Reversals	495	(3)
Individual Differences in Aggression	498	(1)
Social Experience Feeds Back to Influence Hormone Concentrations	499	(13)
The Challenge Hypothesis: Birds	500	(7)
Conditioned Social Defeat	507	(1)
Hormones, Competition, and Violent Behavior: Humans	508	(4)
Physiological Mechanisms Mediating Hormonal Effects on Aggressive Behavior	512	(6)
Brain Regions Associated with Aggression	512	(1)
Brain Steroid Hormone Receptors	513	(2)
Brain Neurotransmitter Receptors	515	(1)
Box 8.1 Nitric Oxide and Aggression	516	(2)
Conclusions	518	(1)
Summary	518	(2)
Questions for Discussion	520	(1)
Suggested Readings	520	(3)
Homeostasis and Behavior	523	(64)
Basic Concepts in Homeostasis	526	(3)
Fluid Balance	529	(17)
Box 9.1 Vertebrate Renal Function	530	(6)
Endocrine Regulation of Fluid Balance and Thirst	536	(4)
Sodium Balance	540	(4)
How Do Hormones Regulate Drinking Behavior?	544	(2)
Energy Balance	546	(7)
Metabolism during the Well-Fed State	547	(2)
Metabolism during the Fasting State	549	(2)
Disordered Energy Metabolism	551	(1)
Maintaining a Normal Energy Balance	552	(1)
Control of Food Intake	553	(21)
Peripheral Signals	554	(2)
Central Signals: The Role of the Hypothalamus	556	(3)
Central Anabolic Effectors: Peptides that Promote Food Intake (Orexigenic)	559	(3)
Central Catabolic Effectors: Peptides that Inhibit Food Intake (Anorexigenic)	562	(1)
Hindbrain and Brain Stem	563	(1)
Protein Hormones that Stop Food Intake	563	(6)
Box 9.2 Comfort Food	569	(1)
Protein Hormones that Promote Food Intake	570	(1)
The Role of the Liver	571	(1)
Specific Hungers	572	(2)
Food Intake and Body Mass	574	(8)
Estrogens and Progestins	574	(4)
Androgens	578	(1)
Seasonal Body Mass Cycles	579	(1)
Inhibition of Reproduction to Maintain Energy Balance	580	(2)
Final Thoughts	582	(1)
Summary	583	(1)
Questions for Discussion	584	(1)
Suggested Readings	585	(2)
Biological Rhythms	587	(82)
Exogenous versus Endogenous Control of Biological Clocks	590	(1)
Types of Biological Clocks and Rhythms	591	(17)
Box 10.1 Jet Lag	598	(3)
Examples of Biological Rhythms in Behavior	601	(5)
Usefulness of Biological Clocks	606	(2)
Circadian Clocks	608	(28)
Localization and Characterization of Circadian Clocks	608	(2)
Molecular Mechanisms of Circadian Clocks	610	(3)
The SCN as Master Circadian Clock	613	(4)
SCN Inputs and Outputs	617	(4)
Box 10.2 Effects of Light on Gene Transcription	621	(5)
Effects of Hormones on the SCN	626	(2)
Effects of the SCN on Hormones	628	(6)
Circadian Regulation of Food Intake	634	(2)
Circannual and Seasonal Rhythms	636	(28)
Ultimate and Proximate Factors Underlying Seasonality	637	(3)
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Underlying Seasonality	640	(1)
Timing Mechanisms	641	(5)
Neural Mechanisms of Endogenous and Exogenous Seasonal Timekeeping	646	(4)
Activational Mechanisms	650	(14)
Conclusions	664	(1)
Summary	665	(1)
Questions for Discussion	666	(1)
Suggested Readings	667	(2)
Stress	669	(52)
Stress and Its Consequences	670	(11)
The Stress Response	672	(1)
Box 11.1 Stress and Social Dominance in Nonhuman Primates	673	(5)
General Adaptation Syndrome	678	(1)
What Is ``Stress''?	679	(1)
Box 11.2 Allostatic Load	680	(1)
Physiological Effects of the Stress Response	681	(4)
Pathological Effects of the Stress Response	685	(4)
Factors that Affect Stress Responsiveness	689	(18)
Perinatal Stress	689	(11)
Reproductive Dysfunction	700	(7)
Stress and Social Behavior	707	(3)
Seasonal Fluctuations in Stress Responses	710	(4)
Psychological Factors in Stress and Coping	714	(3)
Control, Predictability, and Outlets for Frustration	715	(2)
Stress and Drug Abuse	717	(1)
Summary	718	(1)
Questions for Discussion	719	(1)
Suggested Readings	720	(1)
Learning and Memory	721	(52)
Components of Learning and Memory	722	(7)
Non-Associative Learning	722	(1)
Associative Learning	723	(3)
Memory	726	(3)
The Effects of Stress Hormones on Learning and Memory	729	(20)
Epinephrine	729	(11)
Glucocorticoids	740	(9)
Sex Differences in Learning and Memory	749	(9)
Effects of Estrogens	752	(4)
Effects of Androgens	756	(2)
The Effects of Peptide Hormones in Learning and Memory	758	(10)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)	758	(3)
Vasopressin and Oxytocin	761	(2)
Opioids	763	(4)
Cholecystokinin	767	(1)
Summary	768	(2)
Questions for Discussion	770	(1)
Suggested Readings	770	(3)
Hormones and Affective Disorders	773	(44)
Perimenstrual Syndrome	774	(13)
The Social Context of PMS	774	(2)
What Is PMS?	776	(2)
Box 13.1 Diagnostic Criteria for Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Disorder	778	(2)
Hormonal Correlates of PMS	780	(6)
Cognitive Features of PMS	786	(1)
Hormones and Depression	787	(16)
Endocrine Correlates of Depression	788	(4)
Postpartum Depression	792	(2)
Seasonal Affective Disorder	794	(9)
Hormones and Eating Disorders	803	(3)
Anorexia Nervosa	803	(3)
Bulimia	806	(1)
Androgens and Affective Disorders	806	(7)
Box 13.2 Anabolic Steroids: An Edge That Cuts Two Ways	808	(5)
Summary	813	(2)
Questions for Discussion	815	(1)
Suggested Readings	816	(1)
Appendix: Hormones	817
Glossary	1	(1)
Illustration Credits	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Index	1