Preface | |
Research in the Behavioral Sciences | |
The Beginnings of Behavioral Research | |
Goals of Behavioral Research | |
The Value of Research to the Student | |
The Scientific Approach | |
Behavioral Science and Common Sense | |
Philosophy of Science | |
The Role of Theory in Science | |
Research Hypotheses | |
A Priori Predictions and Post Hoc Explanations | |
Conceptual and Operational Definitions | |
Proof and Disproof in Science | |
Strategies of Behavioral Research | |
Domains of Behavioral Science | |
A Preview | |
Behavioral Variability and Research | |
Variability and the Research Process | |
Variance: An Index of Variability | |
Systematic and Error Variance | |
Assessing the Strength of Relationships | |
Meta-Analysis: Systematic Variance across Studies | |
The Measurement of Behavior | |
Types of Measures | |
Scales of Measurement | |
Estimating the Reliability of a Measure | |
Estimating the Validity of a Measure | |
Fairness and Bias in Measurement | |
Approaches to Psychological Measurement | |
Observational Methods | |
Physiological Measures | |
Self-Report: Questionnaires and Interviews | |
Archival Data | |
Content Analysis | |
Descriptive Research | |
Types of Descriptive Research | |
Sampling | |
Describing and Presenting Data | |
Correlational Research | |
The Correlation Coefficient | |
A Graphic Representation of Correlations | |
The Coefficient of Determination | |
Statistical Significance of r | |
Factors That Distort Correlation Coefficients | |
Correlation and Causality | |
Partial Correlation | |
Other Correlation Coefficients | |
Advanced Correlational Strategies | |
Predicting Behavior: Regression Strategies | |
Assessing Directionality: Cross-Lagged and Structural Equations Analysis | |
Uncovering Underlying Dimensions: Factor Analysis | |
Basic Issues in Experimental Research | |
Manipulating the Independent Variable | |
Assignment of Participants to Conditions | |
Experimental Control | |
Eliminating Confounds | |
Error Variance | |
Experimental Control and Generalizability: The Experimenter's Dilemma | |
Experimental Design | |
One-Way Designs | |
Factorial Designs | |
Main Effects and Interactions | |
Combining Independent and Subject Variables | |
Analyzing Experimental Data | |
An Intuitive Approach to Analysis | |
Hypothesis Testing | |
Analysis of Two-Group Experiments: The t-Test | |
Analyses of Matched-Subjects and Within-Subjects Designs | |
Analyzing Complex Designs | |
The Problem: Multiple Tests Inflate Type I Error | |
The Rationale behind ANOVA | |
How ANOVA Works | |
Follow-Up Tests | |
Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects ANOVAs | |
Multivariate Analysis of Variance | |
Experimental and Nonexperimental Uses of Inferential Statistics | |
Computer Analyses | |
Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
Pretest-Posttest Designs | |
Time Series Designs | |
Longitudinal Designs | |
Program Evaluation | |
Evaluating Quasi-Experimental | |
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