Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

by Enderle, John

• ISBN13: 9780122386602
• ISBN10: 0122386604
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-01
• Publisher: ACADEMIC PRESS INC

Summary

This is a comprehensive survey of the multi-disciplinary field of biomedical engineering. The book is intended to be the introductory textbook for the first course at the undergraduate junior level and as the introductory textbook in graduate programs in biomedical engineering programs. The book is also intended to be utilized as a professional reference book for engineers and biomedical researchers requiring a knowledge of the basic fundamentals and the latest advances in biomedical engineering. This text/reference will have worked examples throughout the text as well as end-of-chapter homework and self-study problems. In addition to the pedagogy within the book, the authors will maintain a website of relevant laboratory simulations and links to other biomedical engineering web sites.

Table of Contents

FOREWORD	xiii	(2)
CONTRIBUTORS	xv
1 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE	1	(28)
1.1 Evolution of the Modern Health Care System	2	(6)
1.2 The Modern Health Care System	8	(9)
1.3 What Is Biomedical Engineering?	17	(3)
1.4 Roles Played by Biomedical Engineers	20	(3)
1.5 Professional Status of Biomedical Engineering	23	(2)
1.6 Professional Societies	25	(2)
Exercises	27	(1)
Suggested Reading	28	(1)
2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY	29	(50)
2.1 Introduction	30	(2)
2.2 Cellular Organization	32	(14)
2.3 Tissues	46	(1)
2.4 Major Organ Systems	46	(26)
2.5 Homeostasis	72	(2)
Exercises	74	(2)
Suggested Reading	76	(3)
3 BIOELECTRIC PHENOMENA	79	(60)
3.1 Introduction	80	(1)
3.2 History	81	(8)
3.3 Neurons	89	(6)
3.4 Basic Biophysics Tools and Relationships	95	(10)
3.5 Equivalent Circuit Model for the Cell Membrane	105	(10)
3.6 Hodgkin--Huxley Model of the Action Potential	115	(16)
Exercises	131	(6)
Suggested Reading	137	(2)
4 BIOMEDICAL SENSORS	139	(40)
4.1 Introduction	140	(2)
4.2 Biopotential Measurements	142	(5)
4.3 Physical Measurements	147	(14)
4.4 Blood Cases and pH Sensors	161	(8)
4.5 Bioanalytical Sensors	169	(2)
4.6 Optical Biosensors	171	(5)
Exercises	176	(1)
Suggested Reading	177	(2)
5 BIOINSTRUMENTATION	179	(54)
5.1 Introduction	180	(4)
5.2 Basic Instrumentation System	184	(2)
5.3 Analog Circuits	186	(7)
5.4 Signal Conditioning	193	(17)
5.5 Instrumentation Design	210	(15)
5.6 Computer-Based Instrumentation Systems	225	(2)
5.7 Summary	227	(1)
Exercises	228	(3)
Suggested Reading	231	(2)
6 BIOSIGNAL PROCESSING	233	(46)
6.1 Introduction	234	(1)
6.2 Physiological Origins of Biosignals	234	(4)
6.3 Characteristics of Biosignals	238	(2)
6.4 Signal Acquisition	240	(5)
6.5 Frequency Domain Representation of Biosignals	245	(6)
6.6 The Z Transform	251	(2)
6.7 Digital Filters	253	(3)
6.8 Signal Averaging	256	(4)
6.9 Wavelet Transform and Short-Time Fourier Transform	260	(9)
6.10 Artificial Intelligence Techniques	269	(7)
Exercises	276	(1)
Suggested Reading	277	(2)
7 PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELING	279	(90)
7.1 Introduction	280	(4)
7.2 An Overview of the Fast Eye Movement System	284	(6)
7.3 Westheimer's Saccadic Eye Movement Model	290	(6)
7.4 The Saccade Controller	296	(4)
7.5 Development of an Oculomotor Muscle Model	300	(12)
7.6 A Linear Muscle Model	312	(6)
7.7 A Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Movement Model	318	(6)
7.8 A Truer Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Movement Model	324	(10)
7.9 Saccade Pathways	334	(9)
7.10 System Identification	343	(16)
Exercises	359	(8)
Suggested Reading	367	(2)
8 COMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS	369	(42)
8.1 Introduction	370	(1)
8.2 Model Postulates	371	(1)
8.3 Compartmental Structure	372	(24)
8.4 Modified Compartmental Analysis	396	(5)
8.5 Convective Transport between Physiologic Compartments	401	(5)
Exercises	406	(3)
Suggested Reading	409	(2)
9 BIOMECHANICS	411	(56)
9.1 Introduction	412	(2)
9.2 Basic Mechanics	414	(19)
9.3 Mechanics of Materials	433	(7)
9.4 Viscoelastic Properties	440	(5)
9.5 Cartilage, Ligament, Tendon, and Muscle	445	(5)
9.6 Clinical Gait Analysis	450	(13)
Exercises	463	(1)
Suggested Reading	464	(3)
10 CARDIOVASCULAR MECHANICS	467	(70)
10.1 Introduction	468	(1)
10.2 Definition of a Fluid and Basic Principles of Biofluid Mechanics	468	(4)
10.3 Constitutive Modeling of Physiologic Fluids: Blood	472	(18)
10.4 Generation of Flow in the Cardiovascular System: The Human Heart (Cardiology) and the Cardiac Cycle	490	(10)
10.5 Fluid Dynamic Field Equations: Conservation of Mass, Energy, and Momentum	500	(8)
10.6 Hemodynamics in Vascular Channels: Arterial (Time Dependent) and Venous (Steady)	508	(20)
10.7 General Aspects of Control of Cardiovascular Function	528	(2)
Exercises	530	(5)
Suggested Reading	535	(2)
11 BIOMATERIALS	537	(42)
11.1 Introduction	538	(1)
11.2 Mechanical Properties and Mechanical Testing	539	(5)
11.3 General Classification of Materials Used in Medical Devices	544	(10)
11.4 Degradation of Materials	554	(5)
11.5 Biological Effects	559	(9)
11.6 Impact of Degradation of Materials on the Biological System	568	(1)
11.7 Biocompatibility Testing	569	(2)
11.8 Biomaterials and Device Design Criteria	571	(4)
Exercises	575	(3)
Suggested Reading	578	(1)
12 TISSUE ENGINEERING	579	(78)
12.1 Cellular Therapies	581	(8)
12.2 Tissue Dynamics	589	(18)
12.3 Stem Cells	607	(5)
12.4 The Cellular Fate Processes	612	(10)
12.5 Cellular Communications	622	(6)
12.6 The Tissue Microenvironment	628	(11)
12.7 Scaling Up	639	(5)
12.8 Delivering Cell Therapies in a Clinical Setting	644	(4)
12.9 Conclusions	648	(1)
12.10 Glossary	648	(2)
Exercises	650	(4)
Suggested Reading	654	(3)
13 BIOTECHNOLOGY	657	(40)
13.1 Introduction	658	(10)
13.2 Basic Techniques	668	(11)
13.3 Other Core Technologies	679	(5)
13.4 Medical Applications	684	(10)
Exercises	694	(2)
Suggested Reading	696	(1)
14 RADIATION IMAGING	697	(48)
14.1 Introduction	698	(1)
14.2 Emission Imaging Systems	699	(17)
14.3 Instrumentation and Imaging Devices	716	(5)
14.4 Radiographic Imaging Systems	721	(21)
Exercises	742	(1)
Suggested Reading	743	(2)
15 ULTRASOUND	745	(38)
15.1 Introduction	746	(1)
15.2 Fundamentals of Acoustic Propagation	747	(10)
15.3 Diagnostic Ultrasonic Imaging	757	(14)
15.4 New Developments	771	(9)
15.5 Biological Effects of Ultrasound	780	(1)
15.6 Therapeutic Ultrasound	781	(1)
Exercises	781	(1)
Suggested Reading	782	(1)
16 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING	783	(60)
16.1 Introduction	784	(3)
16.2 Nuclear Magnetism	787	(6)
16.3 NMR	793	(12)
16.4 MRI	805	(23)
16.5 Instrumentation for MRI	828	(11)
Exercises	839	(2)
Suggested Reading	841	(2)
17 BIOMEDICAL OPTICS AND LASERS	843	(62)
17.1 Introduction	844	(1)
17.2 Essential Optical Principles	845	(5)
17.3 Fundamentals of Light Propagation in Biological Tissue	850	(12)
17.4 Physical Interaction of Light and Physical Sensing	862	(8)
17.5 Biochemical Measurement Techniques Using Light	870	(8)
17.6 Fundamentals of Photothermal Therapeutic Effects of Lasers	878	(10)
17.7 Fiber Optics and Waveguides in Medicine	888	(7)
17.8 Biomedical Optical Imaging	895	(5)
Exercises	900	(3)
Suggested Reading	903	(2)
18 REHABILITATION ENGINEERING AND ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOCY	905	(38)
18.1 Introduction	906	(6)
18.2 The Human Component	912	(6)
18.3 Principles of Assistive Technology Assessment	918	(3)
18.4 Principles of Rehabilitation Engineering	921	(11)
18.5 Practice of Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology	932	(4)
Exercises	936	(5)
Suggested Reading	941	(2)
19 CLINICAL ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY	943	(34)
19.1 Introduction	944	(1)
19.2 A Historical Perspective	945	(2)
19.3 The Role of the Clinical Engineer	947	(5)
19.4 Safety in the Clinical Environment	952	(2)
19.5 Electrical Safety	954	(13)
19.6 Electrical Safety Programs	967	(2)
19.7 The Future of Clinical Engineering	969	(3)
19.8 Preparation for Clinical Engineers	972	(1)
Exercises	973	(2)
Suggested Reading	975	(2)
20 MORAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES	977	(32)
20.1 Introduction	978	(1)
20.2 Morality and Ethics: A Definition of Terms	979	(5)
20.3 Two Moral Norms: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence	984	(1)
20.4 Redefining Death	985	(4)
20.5 The Terminally Ill Patient and Euthanasia	989	(4)
20.6 Taking Control	993	(1)
20.7 Human Experimentation	993	(1)
20.8 Definition and Purpose of Experimentation	994	(1)
20.9 Informed Consent	995	(5)
20.10 Regulation of Medical Device Innovation	1000	(1)
20.11 Ethical Issues in Feasibility Studies	1001	(2)
20.12 Ethical Issues in Emergency Use	1003	(1)
20.13 Ethical Issues in Treatment Use	1004	(1)
20.14 The Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990	1005	(1)
Exercises	1006	(1)
Suggested Reading	1007	(2)
INDEX	1009