Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, Second Edition

by Street; Laurence J.

• ISBN13: 9781439860588
• ISBN10: 1439860580
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-10-06
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Thoroughly revised and updated with new problems and examples, this second edition of a bestseller describes current technological devices, the physiological and anatomical basis of their function, their practical applications, and their common locations in hospitals. New appendices provide practical information about normal medical values, regulations concerning medical devices, educational programs and BMET associations, internet resources as well as lists of device manufactures and bibliography. The text discusses tools and test equipment, examines the integration of equipment within the hospital system, and presents an overview of various kinds of hardware related to medical equipment.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Scope of This Book	p. xix
Introduction	p. 1
History of Medical Devices	p. 1
Stethoscopes	p. 3
Microscopes	p. 5
Surgery	p. 6
Defibrillators	p. 8
The Role of Biomedical Engineering Technologists in Health Care	p. 8
Characteristics of Human Anatomy and Physiology That Relate to Medical Devices	p. 15
Electrical Signals and Conductivity	p. 15
Circulation	p. 16
Blood	p. 21
Respiration	p. 22
Chemical Balances	p. 23
Densities	p. 24
Temperature	p. 24
Hypothermia	p. 26
Hyperthermia	p. 26
Summary	p. 27
Questions	p. 27
Diagnostic Devices: Part I	p. 29
Physiological Monitoring Systems	p. 29
Overview	p. 29
Integration and Connectivity	p. 32
Central Stations	p. 33
Telemetry	p. 35
The Heart	p. 38
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Monitors and Machines	p. 38
ECG Electrodes	p. 40
Amplifiers	p. 41
Interference	p. 41
Internally Generated Artifacts	p. 42
Externally Generated Artifacts	p. 42
Filters	p. 42
Lead Arrangements	p. 43
Patient Isolation	p. 44
Digital Systems	p. 45
Waveform Analysis and Measurements	p. 45
Alarms	p. 46
Waveform/Event Storage	p. 46
Arrhythmia Analysis	p. 46
Types of Arrhythmias	p. 47
Stress Testing	p. 49
Exercise Component	p. 49
Interface	p. 51
Controller	p. 51
ECG Monitor	p. 52
Ambulatory ECG Recorders/Analysis Systems	p. 53
Cardiac Output	p. 54
Summary	p. 55
Questions	p. 55
Diagnostic Devices: Part II	p. 57
Circulatory System and Blood	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Hypertension	p. 57
Hypotension	p. 58
Blood Pressure Measurement	p. 58
Invasive Blood Pressure Monitors	p. 58
Pressure Transducers	p. 58
Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitors	p. 59
Pressure Measurement Cycle	p. 60
Further Notes	p. 60
Pulse Oximeters	p. 61
Transcutaneous CO2 Analyzers	p. 64
Blood Chemistry Analyzers	p. 66
Glucometers	p. 67
Doppler Blood Flow Detectors	p. 69
Respiratory System	p. 71
Pulmonary Function Analyzers	p. 71
Incentive Spirometer	p. 73
Graphing Spirometer	p. 73
Pulmonary Function Analyzer	p. 73
Respiration Monitors	p. 73
Capnography Monitors	p. 75
Oxygen Analyzers	p. 75
Bronchoscopy Systems	p. 77
Nervous System	p. 78
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Monitors and Machines	p. 79
Bispectral Index System (BIS™) Monitors	p. 81
Muscle/Nerve Stimulators	p. 81
Summary	p. 82
Questions	p. 82
Diagnostic Devices: Part III	p. 85
Digestive System	p. 85
Endoscopes	p. 85
General	p. 85
Types of Endoscopes	p. 85
Rigid Endoscopes	p. 85
Flexible Endoscopes	p. 87
Other System Components	p. 88
Video Recorder/Storage	p. 92
Video Monitor	p. 92
Insufflator	p. 93
Irrigation and Suction	p. 93
Tools	p. 93
Sensory Organs	p. 94
Oto/Laryngo/Ophthalmoscopes	p. 94
Otoscope	p. 95
Laryngoscope	p. 95
Ophthalmoscope	p. 95
Slit Lamps	p. 97
Reproduction	p. 97
Fetal Heart Detectors	p. 97
Fetal Monitors	p. 99
Infant Scales	p. 101
APGAR Timers	p. 101
Skin, Bone, Muscle, Miscellaneous	p. 103
Thermometers	p. 103
Electronic Probe Thermometers	p. 104
Tympanic Thermometers	p. 105
Densitometers	p. 106
Arthroscopy Systems	p. 106
Chapter Summary	p. 107
Questions	p. 107
Diagnostic Imaging	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
X-Rays	p. 109
History	p. 109
Physics	p. 109
Definitions of Units	p. 110
Detectors	p. 110
Effects and Dosage Limits	p. 111
X-Ray Safety	p. 111
X-Ray Procedures	p. 112
Dental X-Rays	p. 112
General Purpose X-Ray Rooms	p. 112
Mammography	p. 113
Computed (Axial) Tomography Scanners	p. 113
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanners	p. 115
Positron Emission Tomography	p. 119
Diagnostic Ultrasound	p. 121
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems	p. 122
Summary	p. 124
Questions	p. 124
Treatment Devices: Part I	p. 125
Heart	p. 125
Defibrillators	p. 125
History	p. 125
Theory of Operation	p. 125
Function	p. 127
Defibrillator Types	p. 131
Pacemakers	p. 136
History	p. 136
Theory of Operation	p. 136
Construction	p. 138
Application	p. 138
External Pacemakers	p. 138
Circulatory System and Blood	p. 139
Artificial Hearts	p. 139
Ventricular Assist Devices	p. 139
Intraaortic Balloon Pumps	p. 140
Heart-Lung Machines	p. 140
Sequential Compression Devices	p. 140
Automatic Tourniquets	p. 142
Blood Warmers	p. 142
Intravenous Fluid Administration Pumps	p. 144
Pressure Infusers	p. 144
Fluid Controllers	p. 145
Syringe Pumps	p. 145
Piston Pumps	p. 145
Peristaltic Pumps	p. 145
Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pumps	p. 147
Safety Features of IV Pumps	p. 153
Respiratory System	p. 154
Ventilators	p. 154
CPAP/BiPAP Units	p. 161
Oxygen Concentrators	p. 161
Humidifiers	p. 162
Summary	p. 163
Questions	p. 163
Treatment Devices: Part II	p. 165
Nervous System	p. 165
Anesthesia	p. 165
Anesthetic Agents	p. 165
Anesthetic Machines	p. 166
Anesthesia Vaporizers	p. 166
Anesthetic Gas Monitors	p. 167
Electroconvulsive Therapy Machines	p. 168
Digestive System	p. 175
Feeding Pumps	p. 175
Renal System	p. 178
Hemodialysis	p. 178
Water Purification System	p. 178
Access Point	p. 178
Monitoring Components	p. 179
Dialyzer	p. 180
Peritoneal Dialysis	p. 180
Lithotriptors	p. 181
Sensory Organs	p. 183
Phacoemulsifiers	p. 183
Ophthalmic Lasers	p. 185
Summary	p. 189
Questions	p. 189
Treatment Devices: Part III	p. 191
Reproduction	p. 191
Bilirubin Therapy Systems	p. 191
Infant Incubators	p. 191
Infant Resuscitators	p. 196
Nitrous Oxide Units	p. 199
Skin, Bone, Muscle, and Miscellaneous	p. 200
Electrosurgery Machines	p. 200
Monopolar Electrosurgery	p. 202
Bipolar Electrosurgery	p. 205
Surgical Lasers	p. 206
Carbon Dioxide Lasers	p. 207
Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG) Lasers	p. 208
Argon Lasers	p. 208
Excimer Lasers	p. 208
Laser Safety	p. 208
Surgical Ultrasound	p. 208
Cryosurgery Units	p. 208
Microscopes	p. 209
Sterilizers	p. 212
Gas Sterilizers	p. 212
Heat Sterilizers	p. 214
Liquid Sterilizers	p. 214
Physiotherapy Equipment	p. 214
Continuous Passive Motion	p. 215
Pain Relief	p. 215
Promotion of Healing	p. 219
Summary	p. 220
Questions	p. 221
Biomedical Engineering Technologist (BMET) Work	p. 223
Overview	p. 223
Electrical Safety	p. 223
Rationale	p. 224
Testing Methods	p. 224
Other Safety Considerations	p. 229
Fire Safety	p. 229
Chemical Safety	p. 230
Mechanical Safety	p. 230
Infection Control	p. 230
Sharps Safety	p. 231
Performance Assurance	p. 233
Troubleshooting Techniques	p. 237
Electrostatic Discharge	p. 242
Summary	p. 242
Questions	p. 242
Testers and Tools	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
General Test Equipment	p. 245
Digital Multimeters	p. 245
Oscilloscopes	p. 245
Other Test Equipment	p. 250
Specialized Biomedical Test Equipment	p. 250
Electrosurgery Unit (ESU) Analyzers	p. 250
Infusion Device Analyzers	p. 254
Physiological Simulators	p. 255
Noninvasive Blood Pressure (NIBP) Analyzers	p. 258
Ventilator Analyzers	p. 259
Incubator Analyzers	p. 261
SpO2 Analyzers	p. 262
Ultrasound Analyzers	p. 263
Defibrillator Analyzers	p. 264
Pacemaker Analyzers	p. 265
Specialized Calibration and Testing Devices	p. 266
Tools	p. 267
General	p. 267
Specialized Tools and Components	p. 269
Power Tools	p. 270
Soldering	p. 272
Other	p. 273
Summary	p. 275
Questions	p. 276
Batteries, Radiation, and Computers	p. 277
Batteries	p. 277
Nonrechargeable Batteries	p. 277
Alkaline	p. 277
Mercury	p. 278
Zinc/Air	p. 278
Rechargeable Batteries	p. 278
Lithium or LiIon	p. 278
Nickel Metal Hydride or NiMH	p. 278
Nickel Cadmium or NiCad, NiCd	p. 279
Lead Acid	p. 279
Battery Analyzers	p. 281
Battery Disposal	p. 282
Electromagnetic Radiation	p. 282
Digital Electronics	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Digital Signals	p. 283
Binary Numbers	p. 284
Analog-to-Digital Conversion	p. 284
Microprocessors	p. 285
Computers and Networks	p. 285
Summary	p. 287
Questions	p. 287
Technology Management	p. 289
General Considerations	p. 289
Planning	p. 289
Software	p. 289
Normal Values	p. 291
Regulations and Standards	p. 295
Biomedical Engineering Technology Programs in the United States and Canada	p. 299
Biomedical Associations	p. 309
Devices and Manufacturers	p. 315
Test Equipment Manufacturers	p. 317
Bibliography and Internet Resources	p. 319
Index	p. 323
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