An Introduction to Biostatistics

by Glover, Thomas; Mitchell, Kevin

• ISBN13: 9781577664581
• ISBN10: 1577664582
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-08-25
• Publisher: Waveland Pr Inc

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Introduction to Data Analysis	1	(28)
Introduction	1	(2)
Populations and Samples	3	(2)
Variables or Data Types	5	(1)
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode	6	(2)
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range	8	(5)
Descriptive Statistics for Frequency Tables or Grouped Data	13	(2)
The Effect of Coding Data	15	(2)
Tables and Graphs	17	(2)
Quartiles and Box Plots	19	(4)
Accuracy, Precision, and the 30--300 Rule	23	(1)
Problems	24	(5)
Introduction to Probability	29	(29)
Definitions	29	(3)
Use of Permutations and Combinations	32	(4)
Introduction to Set Theory and Venn Diagrams	36	(4)
Axioms and Rules of Probability	40	(7)
The Application of Probability Rules to Mendelian Genetics Problems (Optional)	47	(5)
Problems	52	(6)
Probability Distributions	58	(32)
Discrete Random Variables	59	(5)
The Binomial Distribution	64	(5)
The Poisson Distribution	69	(4)
Continuous Random Variables	73	(3)
The Normal Distribution	76	(3)
The Standard Normal Distribution	79	(5)
Problems	84	(6)
Sampling Distributions	90	(23)
Definitions	90	(3)
Distribution of the Sample Mean	93	(5)
Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean	98	(6)
Confidence Intervals for the Population Variance	104	(3)
Population Proportion Confidence Intervals (Optional)	107	(2)
Problems	109	(4)
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing	113	(16)
An Overview: The Famous Cornflakes Example	113	(5)
Typical Steps in a Statistical Test of Hypothesis	118	(2)
Type I versus Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing	120	(6)
Binomial Example of Hypothesis Testing (Optional)	126	(1)
Problems	127	(2)
One-Sample Tests of Hypothesis	129	(30)
Hypotheses Involving the Mean (μ)	130	(7)
Hypotheses Involving the Variance (σ2)	137	(3)
Nonparametric Statistics and Hypothesis Testing	140	(1)
The One-Sample Sign Test	141	(3)
Confidence Intervals Based on the Sign Test	144	(1)
The One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test	145	(6)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test: Alternative Method	151	(3)
Problems	154	(5)
Tests of Hypothesis Involving Two Samples	159	(32)
Comparing Two Variances	159	(4)
Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Independent Samples	163	(5)
Confidence Intervals for μ1 -- μ2	168	(2)
The Difference Between Two Means with Paired Data	170	(4)
The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum (Mann-Whitney U) Test	174	(3)
Confidence Intervals for Mx -- My	177	(1)
The Sign Test and Paired Data	178	(2)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Paired Data	180	(2)
Problems	182	(9)
k-Sample Tests of Hypothesis: The Analysis of Variance	191	(31)
One-Way Classification, Completely Randomized Design with Fixed Effects: Model I ANOVA	193	(8)
Mean Separation Techniques for Model I ANOVAs	201	(6)
Model II ANOVA	207	(2)
The Kruskal-Wallis Test: A Nonparametric Analog to a Model I One-Way ANOVA	209	(6)
Problems	215	(7)
Two-Factor Analysis	222	(31)
Randomized Complete Block Design ANOVA	223	(8)
Factorial Design Two-Way ANOVA	231	(9)
The Friedman k-Sample Test: Matched Data	240	(7)
Problems	247	(6)
Linear Regression and Correlation	253	(36)
Simple Linear Regression	256	(13)
Simple Linear Correlation Analysis	269	(5)
Correlation Analysis Based on Ranks	274	(8)
Problems	282	(7)
Goodness of Fit Tests for Categorical Data	289	(46)
The Binomial Test	290	(2)
The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit	292	(4)
The Chi-Square Test for r x k Contingency Tables	296	(8)
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test	304	(5)
Problems	309	(10)
APPENDIXES
A. Proofs of Selected Results	319	(16)
A.1 Summation Notation and Properties	319	(4)
A.2 Expected Values	323	(5)
A.3 The Formula for SSTreat in a One-Way ANOVA	328	(1)
A.4 ANOVA Expected Values	329	(2)
A.5 Calculating H in the Kruskal-Wallis Test	331	(1)
A.6 The Method of Least Squares for Regression	332	(3)
B. Answers to Even-Numbered Problems	335	(38)
C. Tables of Distributions and Critical Values	373	(38)
C.1 Cumulative Binomial Distribution	374	(5)
C.2 Cumulative Poisson Distribution	379	(2)
C.3 Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution	381	(2)
C.4 Student's t Distribution	383	(2)
C.5 Cumulative Chi-Square Distribution	385	(1)
C.6 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test Cumulative Distribution	386	(3)
C.7 Cumulative F Distribution	389	(8)
C.8 Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test	397	(3)
C.9 Critical Values for Duncan's Multiple Range Test	400	(1)
C.10 Fisher's Z Transformation of Correlation Coefficient r	401	(2)
C.11 Correlation Coefficient r Corresponding to Fisher's Z Transformation	403	(3)
C.12 Cumulative Distribution for Kendall's Test (τ)	406	(3)
C.13 Critical Values for the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient rs	409	(1)
C.14 Critical Values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test	410	(1)
References	411	(2)
Index	413