Introduction to Cities : How Place and Space Shape Human Experience

by Chen, Xiang Ming; Orum, Anthony M.; Paulsen, Krista E.

• ISBN13: 9781405155540
• ISBN10: 140515554X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2012-08-20
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

A complete introduction to the history, evolution, and future of the modern city, this book covers a wide range of theory, including the significance of space and place, to provide a balanced account of why cities are an essential part of the global human experience. Covers a wide range of theoretical approaches to the city, from the historical to the cutting edge Emphasizes the important themes of space and place Offers a balanced account of cities and offers extensive coverage including urban inequality, environment and sustainability, and methods for studying the city Takes a global approach, with examples from Berlin and Chicago to Shanghai and Mumbai Includes a range of pedagogical features such as a substantial glossary of key terms, critical thinking questions, suggestions for further reading and a range of innovative textboxes which follow the themes of Exploring Further, Studying the City and Making the City Better Extensively illustrated with maps, charts, tables, and over 80 photographs Accompanied by a comprehensive website (www.wiley.com/go/cities) featuring further examples and case studies, discussion and essay questions, chapter outlines and links to useful online resources and films and documentaries

Author Biography

Xiangming Chen is the founding Dean and Director of the Center for Urban and Global Studies and Paul Raether Distinguished Professor of Global Urban Studies and Sociology at Trinity College, Hartford, and Distinguished Guest Professor in the School of Social Development and Public Policy at Fudan University, Shanghai. His books include The World of Cities: Places in Comparative and Historical Perspective (with Anthony M. Orum, Blackwell, 2003), As Borders Bend: Transnational Spaces on the Pacific Rim (2005), and Shanghai Rising: State Power and Local Transformations in a Global Megacity (ed., 2009), and Rethinking Global Urbanism: Comparative Insights from Secondary Cities (coed., 2012). Several of his books have been translated into Chinese. Anthony M. Orum is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He was the founding editor of the journal City Community, and has received several awards, including the 2009 Robert and Helen Lynd Award for Lifetime Achievement and Service given by the Community and Urban Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association. His publications include City-Building in America (1995), The World of Cities: Places in Comparative and Historical Perspective (with Xiangming Chen, Blackwell, 2003), and Common Ground? Readings and Reflections on Public Space (ed. With Zachary Neal, 2010). Several of his books have been translated into Chinese. Krista E. Paulsen is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of North Florida. She has published widely on the city, urban tradition, and the ways that places develop and maintain distinctive cultures. Her research examines the ways that homes and neighborhoods reflect and reproduce cultural ideals associated with family and community, and her teaching takes in urban sociology and urban studies, environmental sociology, community, and qualitative research methods. She is currently at work on the edited volume Home Place Community: International Sociology Perspectives (ed. with Margarethe Kusenbach and Melinda Milligan).

Table of Contents

List of illustrations	p. xi
List of tables	p. xvii
List of boxes	p. xviii
About the authors	p. xx
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
Walk-through tour	p. xxiii
Introduction	p. 1
The Foundations	p. 5
Cities as places and spaces	p. 6
Cities as places	p. 9
Exploring further 1.1	p. 11
Identity, community, and security	p. 14
Places as the site of our identity	p. 14
Places as the site of community	p. 15
Places as sites of security	p. 16
Studying the city 1.1	p. 17
Human beings make and remake places	p. 17
Place and space	p. 20
Studying the city 1.2	p. 21
Making the city better 1.1	p. 24
Cities shape the fates of human beings	p. 25
Cities and people	p. 26
Social theories of urban space and place: The early perspectives	p. 28
The social and theoretical roots of modern urban theory	p. 29
Studying the city 2.1	p. 31
Ferdinand Tönnies: Community and society	p. 32
Georg Simmel: The metropolis and mental life	p. 33
Tönnies and Simmel: Further reflections	p. 35
Exploring further 2.1	p. 36
The Chicago School of Sociology	p. 38
The city as social space	p. 39
The city, social change, and social order	p. 40
Studying the city 2.2	p. 42
Life in the city as a way of life	p. 44
Making the city better 2.1	p. 46
Early social theories of urban life	p. 47
Social theories of urban space and place: Perspectives in the post-World War II era	p. 49
Theoretical descendents of Marx	p. 50
Manuel Castells and the1 urban question	p. 50
David Harvey: Injustice and inequality in the city	p. 51
John Logan and Harvey Molotch: The city as a growth machine	p. 53
Making the city better 3.1	p. 54
Making the city better 3.2	p. 56
Further reflections: Marx and the critique of modern cities	p. 57
The return to place and the turn to culture	p. 58
Jane Jacobs and the discovery of community in the modern metropolis	p. 58
Studying the city 3.1	p. 59
Sharon Zukin and the turn to culture	p. 61
Exploring further 3.1	p. 63
Going global: The 1980s and the creation of the global city	p. 66
Evaluating theories of the city	p. 69
Methods and rules for the study of cities	p. 72
First rules for doing a social science of cities	p. 74
The rule of validity	p. 74
The rule of reliability	p. 76
Exploring further 4.1	p. 77
Cities and the question of numbers	p. 78
Studying the city 4.1 79 The city as a case study	p. 80
The city as the typical case	p. 82
The city as a prototypical case	p. 85
Ethnographic and historical case studies	p. 87
Ethnographic case studies	p. 87
Studying the city 4.2	p. 89
Historical case studies	p. 90
From one to multiple cases	p. 91
Studying the city 4.3	p. 94
A last but very important rule on doing a good social science of cities: Fitting good theory to good methods	p. 94
And what about insight?	p. 95
The Changing Metropolis	p. 99
The metropolis and its expansion: Early insights and basic principles	p. 100
Metropolitan growth: Basic features	p. 102
The metropolis and its expansion	p. 104
The center of the city	p. 105
The zone of transition	p. 106
The zone of commuters	p. 106
Assessing the concentric zone theory	p. 106
The natural areas of the city	p. 107
Alternative views of the city	p. 107
Studying the city 5.1	p. 108
The mobility of people and groups in the metropolis	p. 109
Social differences and migration in the metropolis	p. 109
Exploring further 5.1	p. 110
Migration and the expansion of the metropolis	p. 113
The metropolitan center and its links to the hinterlands	p. 115
Human agents and social institutions in the expansion of the metropolis	p. 116
Studying the city 5.2	p. 117
Making the city better 5.1	p. 120
Urban growth, institutions, and human agents	p. 121
The origins and development of suburbs	p. 123
What is a suburb? Definitions and variations	p. 125
Alternative suburban forms	p. 127
A brief history of suburban development	p. 129
The original suburbs	p. 129
Culture and the demand for suburban living	p. 131
Making the city better 6.1	p. 133
Exploring further 6.1	p. 134
Early suburban diversity	p. 135
Transportation technologies and suburban expansion	p. 136
Making the city better 6.2	p. 139
The role of policy in suburban expansion	p. 140
The mass production of US suburbs	p. 142
Changes and challenges in contemporary suburbs	p. 144
Privatization and gated communities	p. 144
The varied fates of older suburbs	p. 147
Suburbs as places	p. 149
Studying the city 6.1	p. 151
Changing metropolitan landscapes after World War II	p. 154
Los Angeles: The prototype of the postwar metropolis	p. 156
Exploring further 7.1	p. 160
The changing metropolitan order	p. 162
The decline - of older industrial cities	p. 162
The rise of the postindustrial/postmodern metropolitan regions	p. 163
The importance of transportation, again	p. 164
The remaking of places and spaces: The profound human and political consequences	p. 165
Making the city better 7.1	p. 166
The emerging global economy: A brief overview	p. 168
Studying the city 7.1	p. 171
People, place, and space in a global world	p. 173
The Metropolis and Social Inequalities	p. 177
The early metropolis as a place of inequality	p. 178
Colonial cities as unequal places	p. 180
Early urban diversity	p. 182
Cities of immigrants	p. 184
Immigrant lives: New York's Five Points	p. 185
Studying the city 8.1	p. 189
The Five Points case in context	p. 190
Early reform and intervention efforts	p. 193
Making the American ghetto	p. 193
Integrated beginnings	p. 193
Making the city better 8.1	p. 194
New neighbors, new tensions	p. 195
The perpetuation and implications of black ghettos	p. 196
Studying the city 8.2	p. 197
Exploring further 8.1	p. 199
The significance of urban diversity and inequality	p. 201
Inequality and diversity in the post-World War II metropolis	p. 204
Inequality and the metropolis	p. 205
Poverty and race	p. 205
Exploring further 9.1	p. 207
Poverty and homelessness	p. 209
Making the city better 9.1	p. 211
Gentrification and the remaking of the metropolis	p. 212
Exploring further 9.2	p. 214
Studying the city 9.1	p. 216
Social diversity and the transformed metropolis	p. 217
The new immigration and the transformation of the metropolis	p. 217
Europe	p. 217
The United States and Canada	p. 219
Reconstructing the contemporary metropolis: New ethnic enclaves	p. 221
Studying the city 9.2	p. 224
Other dimensions of urban diversity	p. 226
Making the city better 9.2	p. 227
The Western metropolis in flux	p. 228
The Metropolis in the Developing World	p. 231
Urbanization and urban places in developing-country cities	p. 232
Urbanization: The basic path and its impact on place	p. 233
Developing-country cities in historical perspective	p. 235
Studying the city 10.1	p. 236
The basic dimensions of urbanization	p. 237
Urban hierarchy	p. 237
Urban primacy	p. 239
Over-urbanization versus under-urbanization	p. 239
Studying the city 10.2	p. 241
Natural increase and in-migration	p. 242
From process and system to place	p. 243
A basic profile with multiple wrinkles	p. 243
Megacities as places: Opportunities and challenges	p. 245
Size and density	p. 245
Creating wealth and sustaining poverty	p. 246
Exploring further 10.1	p. 250
Making the city better 10.1	p. 251
The developing megacity as a lived place	p. 252
Making the city better 10.2	p. 255
Governing the megacities	p. 255
Studying the city 10.3	p. 256
Reassessing the developing city	p. 258
Cities in the global economy	p. 261
Cities in a globalizing world: Theoretical background	p. 262
Emerging cities in the global economy	p. 264
Yiwu, China	p. 264
Rajarhat, India	p. 265
Further Reflections on Yiwu	p. 268
Re-emerging cities in the global economy	p. 269
Berlin, Germany: A once-prosperous, then challenged, and now re-emerging local culture	p. 269
Shanghai, China: Local change in a rising renaissance city	p. 271
Moving more deeply into the global economy	p. 275
Dongguan, China: A place transformed from a rural township into a global factory-city	p. 275
Studying the city 11.1	p. 278
Dubai, United Arab Emirates: From desert to urban miracle to mirage	p. 279
Cities in a fully networked global economy	p. 281
The regional dimension and mediation of cities	p. 281
Becoming globally networked	p. 284
Exploring further 11.1	p. 285
Interdependence between cities and the global economy	p. 287
Studying the city 11.2	p. 288
Systematic constraint and individual flexibility	p. 289
The Global restructuring of cities	p. 290
Making the city better 11.1	p. 291
Challenges of Today and the Metropolis Of The Future	p. 295
Urban environments and sustainability	p. 296
Making use of nature	p. 297
Natural attributes and urban development	p. 297
Interpreting and manipulating nature	p. 298
Studying the city 12.1	p. 301
Inviting "disaster"	p. 302
Why rebuild?	p. 303
Urban environments	p. 307
Local environmental concerns	p. 308
Making the city better 12.1	p. 308
Environment and inequality	p. 310
Making the city better 12.2	p. 311
Global environmental concerns	p. 312
Urbanization's environmental impacts	p. 313
Cities and climate change	p. 313
Addressing environmental issues: Toward sustainability	p. 315
Exploring further 12.1	p. 317
The remaking and future of cities	p. 321
Between place and space: Reinforcing a theoretical vision	p. 322
Remaking cities from above and at critical moments	p. 324
The crisis of Detroit	p. 324
The remaking of Detroit	p. 326
Making the city better 13.1	p. 327
Place-remaking on a larger scale	p. 328
Daily place-remaking from below	p. 330
Remaking neighborhoods and communities	p. 331
The remaking of Brooklyn, New York	p. 331
From Detroit and New York to China and Shanghai - again	p. 332
Remaking cities for the future	p. 334
Scaling up and looking forward	p. 334
Studying the city 13.1	p. 335
The China and India scenarios and their wider implications	p. 336
Cities of the future and the future of cities	p. 340
Making the city better 13.2	p. 341
Making the city better 13.3	p. 344
Exploring further 13.1	p. 346
A final look at the twenty-first-century city	p. 347
Glossary	p. 350
References	p. 358
Index	p. 371
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