Introduction to Communication Electronic Warfare Systems

by Poisel, Richard

• ISBN13: 9781580533447
• ISBN10: 1580533442
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-03-01
• Publisher: Artech House on Demand

Summary

This comprehensive engineering-level resource provides you with an excellent introduction to electronic warfare (EW) for communication systems. Extensively referenced with over 600 equations, it details the components, systems, and operations of electronic warfare systems dedicated to protecting and attacking military communications networks. You are provided with a complete understanding of how modern direction finders for communication signals work, along with their limitations.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xv
Communication Electronic Warfare Systems	1	(18)
Introduction	1	(1)
Information Warfare	1	(2)
Electronic Warfare	3	(2)
Electronic Support	3	(1)
Electronic Attack	4	(1)
Electronic Protect	4	(1)
Electronic Support	5	(5)
Low Probability of Detection/Interception/Exploitation	7	(1)
Future Communication Environments	8	(1)
Wired Communications	9	(1)
ES Summary	9	(1)
Electronic Attack	10	(1)
EA Summary	11	(1)
Typical EW System Configuration	11	(5)
System Control	11	(1)
Antennas	12	(1)
Signal Distribution	13	(1)
Search Receiver	13	(1)
Set-On Receiver	13	(1)
Signal Processing	14	(1)
Direction-Finding Signal Processing	14	(1)
Exciter	14	(1)
Power Amplifier	15	(1)
Filters	15	(1)
Communications	15	(1)
Concluding Remarks	16	(3)
References	16	(3)
Electromagnetic Signal Propagation	19	(36)
Introduction	19	(1)
Signal Propagation	19	(1)
RF Band Designations	20	(2)
Polarization	22	(1)
Power Density	22	(2)
Free-Space Propagation	24	(3)
Direct Wave	27	(6)
Wave Diffraction	33	(2)
Reflected Waves	35	(5)
Surface Wave	40	(1)
Ducting	41	(1)
Meteor Burst	41	(1)
Scattering	42	(1)
Characteristics of the Mobile VHF Channel	43	(3)
Propagation Via the Ionosphere	46	(6)
Ionospheric Layers	46	(2)
Refraction	48	(2)
Near-Vertical Incidence Sky Wave	50	(1)
HF Fading	50	(1)
Maximum Usable Frequency and Lowest Usable Frequency	51	(1)
Automatic Link Establishment	52	(1)
Concluding Remarks	52	(3)
References	53	(2)
Noise and Interference	55	(6)
Introduction	55	(1)
Thermal Noise	56	(1)
Internal Noise Sources	56	(1)
External Noise Sources	57	(2)
Cochannel and Multipath Interference	59	(1)
Concluding Remarks	60	(1)
References	60	(1)
Radio Communication Technologies	61	(90)
Introduction	61	(2)
Modulation	63	(47)
Amplitude Modulation	65	(2)
Angle Modulation	67	(4)
Orthogonal Signaling	71	(2)
Access Methods	73	(4)
Duplexing	77	(1)
Digital Signaling	78	(19)
Spread Spectrum	97	(13)
Coding of Communication Signals	110	(24)
Source Coding for Data Compression	110	(5)
Channel Coding for Error Control	115	(19)
Modems	134	(6)
Facsimile	140	(1)
Communication Security	140	(8)
Data Encryption	141	(1)
Public Key Encryption	141	(1)
Digital Signatures	142	(2)
Data Encryption Standard	144	(1)
Pretty Good Privacy	145	(1)
Fortezza Encryption System	146	(1)
Escrow Encryption System	147	(1)
Over-the-Air Rekeying	148	(1)
Concluding Remarks	148	(3)
References	149	(2)
System Engineering	151	(26)
Introduction	151	(1)
System Engineering	151	(24)
Performance Characteristics	155	(1)
Environmental Characteristics	155	(5)
Reliability and Availability	160	(11)
Human-Factors Engineering	171	(3)
System Cost	174	(1)
Concluding Remarks	175	(2)
References	176	(1)
Electronic Support	177	(12)
Introduction	177	(1)
Intercept	177	(2)
Internals Versus Externals	178	(1)
Propagation Loss	178	(1)
Geolocation	179	(1)
Triangulation with Multiple Bearings	180	(4)
Deployment Considerations	184	(1)
Electronic Mapping	185	(1)
Common Operational Picture	185	(1)
Operational Integration with Other Disciplines	186	(1)
Support to Targeting	187	(1)
Concluding Remarks	187	(2)
References	187	(2)
Electronic Attack	189	(18)
Introduction	189	(1)
Communication Jamming	189	(4)
Jammer Deployment	193	(1)
Look-Through	194	(1)
Analog Communications	195	(1)
Digital Communications	196	(1)
Narrowband/Partial-Band Jamming	197	(1)
Barrage Jamming	198	(3)
Jamming LPI Targets	201	(1)
Follower Jammer	202	(1)
Concluding Remarks	203	(4)
References	203	(4)
Antennas	207	(24)
Introduction	207	(2)
Isotropic Antenna	209	(1)
Antenna Gain	210	(1)
Wire Antennas	211	(9)
Dipole	212	(2)
Monopole	214	(1)
Loop	215	(1)
Biconical/Discone	215	(1)
Yagi	216	(1)
Log Periodic	216	(2)
Helix Antennas	218	(2)
Spiral Antennas	220	(1)
Active Antennas	220	(2)
Aperture Antennas	222	(3)
Parabolic Dish	222	(1)
Antenna Arrays	223	(2)
Genetically Designed Antennas	225	(1)
More on Antenna Gain	226	(2)
Concluding Remarks	228	(3)
References	228	(3)
Receivers	231	(34)
Introduction	231	(1)
Receivers	232	(14)
RF Amplification and Filtering	234	(2)
Sensitivity	236	(1)
Dynamic Range	237	(3)
Mixing/Frequency Conversion	240	(1)
Intermediate Frequency Filtering and Amplification	241	(1)
Detection/Demodulation	242	(4)
Types of Receivers	246	(17)
Narrowband Receivers	246	(4)
Wideband Receivers	250	(13)
Concluding Remarks	263	(2)
References	264	(1)
Signal Processing	265	(66)
Introduction	265	(1)
Orthogonal Functions	266	(1)
Transforms	267	(19)
Trigonometric Transforms	268	(6)
Haar Transform	274	(2)
Wavelet Transforms	276	(9)
Fast Transforms	285	(1)
Cyclostationary Signal Processing	286	(3)
Higher-Order Statistics	289	(2)
Applications	291	(37)
Signal Detection	291	(11)
Signal Classification	302	(15)
Recognition/Identification	317	(11)
Concluding Remarks	328	(3)
References	329	(2)
Direction-Finding Position-Fixing Techniques	331	(72)
Introduction	331	(1)
Bearing Estimation	331	(48)
Circular Antenna Array	332	(1)
Interferometry	333	(14)
Monopulse Direction Finder	347	(5)
Amplitude Direction Finding	352	(7)
Doppler Direction Finder	359	(3)
Array-Processing Bearing Estimation	362	(13)
Line-of-Bearing Optimization	375	(4)
Position-Fixing Algorithms	379	(12)
Eliminating Wild Bearings	380	(1)
Stansfield Fix Algorithm	381	(3)
Mean-Squared Distance Algorithm	384	(4)
Combining Error Contours	388	(3)
Single-Site Location Techniques	391	(1)
Fix Accuracy	392	(4)
Fix Coverage	396	(3)
Concluding Remarks	399	(4)
References	401	(2)
Hyperbolic Position-Fixing Techniques	403	(22)
Introduction	403	(1)
Time Difference of Arrival	403	(7)
Differential Doppler	410	(4)
Cross Ambiquity Function Processing	414	(4)
Position Fix Accuracy	416	(2)
Time of Arrival	418	(4)
Concluding Remarks	422	(3)
References	422	(3)
Exciters and Power Amplifiers	425	(28)
Introduction	425	(1)
Exciters	425	(6)
Oscillators	426	(2)
Synthesizer	428	(1)
Modulator	429	(2)
Power Amplifiers	431	(20)
Amplifier Operating Characteristics	431	(2)
Efficiency	433	(1)
Push-Pull Architecture	434	(1)
Classes of Amplifiers	435	(3)
Switching Architectures	438	(6)
Amplifier Linearization	444	(1)
Basic Power Modules	445	(3)
Combiners	448	(1)
Output Filters	449	(1)
Noise-Power Ratio	450	(1)
Concluding Remarks	451	(2)
References	451	(2)
Early-Entry Organic Electronic Support	453	(20)
Introduction	453	(1)
Target Model	454	(1)
Intercept System Model	455	(4)
Simulation Results	459	(10)
Performance Versus the Number of Target Nets	460	(2)
Search Bandwidth	462	(2)
Noise Factor	464	(2)
Postprocessing Time	466	(1)
Mission Duration	467	(2)
Concluding Remarks	469	(4)
References	471	(2)
Detection and Geolocation of Frequency-Hopping Communication Emitters	473	(14)
Introduction	473	(1)
Analysis	473	(3)
Simulation	476	(10)
ES System Operation	478	(3)
Results and Analysis	481	(3)
Discussion	484	(2)
Concluding Remarks	486	(1)
References	486	(1)
Signal Detection Range	487	(18)
Introduction	487	(3)
Noise Limits on Detection Range	490	(1)
Targets	491	(1)
Detection Range with the Reflection Propagation Model	491	(10)
Airborne Configurations of ES Systems	492	(5)
Ground-Based Detection Ranges	497	(2)
Discussion	499	(2)
Concluding Remarks	501	(4)
References	503	(2)
Electronic Attack: UAV and Ground-Based	505	(12)
Introduction	505	(1)
Signal Propagation at Long Ranges	506	(1)
Jamming ERP	507	(1)
Targets	508	(1)
RLOS	508	(1)
UAV Jammer	509	(2)
Ground-Based Jammer	511	(2)
Expendable Jammer	513	(1)
Concluding Remarks	514	(3)
References	516	(1)
Appendix A Probability and Random Variables	517	(12)
A.1 Introduction	517	(1)
A.2 Means, Expected Values, and Moment Functions of Random Variables	517	(3)
A.3 Probability	520	(5)
A.3.1 Conditional Probability	521	(1)
A.3.2 Random Variable Distribution and Density Functions	522	(3)
A.4 Gaussian Density Function	525	(1)
A.5 Kurtosis	525	(2)
A.6 Skewness	527	(1)
A.7 Useful Characteristics of Probabilities, Density Functions, and Distribution Functions	528	(1)
A.8 Concluding Remarks	528	(1)
Reference	528	(1)
Appendix B Simulated Networks	529	(10)
B.1 Introduction	529	(10)
List of Acronyms	539	(6)
About the Author	545	(2)
Index	547