Introduction to Comparative Government, Update Edition

by Curtis, Michael; Needler, Martin C.; Kanet, Roger E.; Fewsmith, Joseph; McNelly, Theodore; Wright, Stephen; Brown, Bernard E.; Blondel, Jean; Kommers, Donald; McAdams, A. James; Reshetar, John S.

• ISBN13: 9780321364814
• ISBN10: 0321364813
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Table of Contents

Preface	xxxi
Introduction	1	(40)
Michael Curtis
Why Study Comparative Politics and Government?	2	(1)
Review 1.1 Approaches to the Study of Comparative Government	3	(1)
Toward a Theory of Comparative Government	3	(2)
Review 1.2 Globalization---What's Really New?	5	(1)
A Closer Look 1.1 Geography and Development	6	(1)
Our Analytical Approach	7	(1)
Review 1.3 A Choice of Subjects to Study	7	(1)
A Closer Look 1.2 European Countries Formerly Under Soviet Influence	8	(1)
What Theory to Use	8	(1)
Classification of Systems	9	(1)
The Number and Kinds of Rulers	9	(1)
Political Culture	10	(1)
A Closer Look 1.3 The Clash of Civilizations	11	(1)
Political Development	11	(3)
A Closer Look 1.4 Africa, 2005	14	(1)
A Closer Look 1.5 The Human Development Index, 2004	15	(1)
Review 1.4 World Population Profile, 2004	15	(1)
Men and Women	15	(2)
The Economic System	17	(1)
Review 1.5 Women in Society and Politics, 2005	18	(1)
A Closer Look 1.6 Women Heads of State or Government Up to 2005	19	(1)
A Closer Look 1.7 The Sum Totals: GDP and GNP	20	(1)
Constitutional Democracies	21	(1)
Authoritarian Systems	21	(1)
Totalitarian Systems	22	(1)
Communist and Non-Communist Systems	23	(1)
Third World or Developing Countries	24	(1)
Review 1.6 Useful Classifications in Comparative Politics	25	(1)
The Political Process	25	(1)
Functional Representation	25	(1)
Territorial Representation	26	(1)
A Closer Look 1.8 Referendums	26	(1)
Interest Groups	27	(1)
Political Parties	28	(1)
A Closer Look 1.9 Can You Tell Your Left from Your Right?	28	(1)
Political Institutions	29	(2)
A Closer Look 1.10 Federalism in Germany	31	(1)
The Political Executive	31	(1)
A Closer Look 1.11 Central Government Grows Weaker	31	(2)
Legislatures and Parliamentary Assemblies	33	(1)
The Judicial Branch	34	(1)
Public Policy	35	(1)
A Closer Look 1.12 International Courts	35	(1)
Multiple Affairs of State	36	(1)
Why Do Public Policies Differ?	36	(1)
A Closer Look 1.13 The Welfare State	37	(1)
Conclusion	37	(1)
Thinking Critically	37	(1)
Key Terms	38	(1)
Further Readings	38	(3)
Part 1 INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACIES
The Government of Great Britain	41	(82)
Michael Curtis
Political Development	44	(22)
Historical Background	44	(1)
A Closer Look 2.1 Magna Carta	44	(2)
Evolution of the Political System	46	(2)
Britain as a Model in Politics	48	(1)
The Importance of Consensus and Its Limits	49	(1)
Political Stability	50	(1)
Political Culture	50	(1)
Deference of the People	50	(1)
Pattern of Authority	50	(1)
Relative Deprivation	51	(1)
Effect of Geography	51	(1)
The Unified System	51	(1)
A New Pluralistic System?	52	(1)
A Closer Look 2.2 The Good Friday Agreement	52	(2)
Review 2.1 The Irish Problem	54	(1)
A Closer Look 2.3 The West Lothian Question	55	(1)
Political Problems	56	(1)
Review 2.2 A Summary of Recent Constitutional Change	57	(1)
A Closer Look 2.4 British Sovereignty	57	(1)
The Nature of British Society	58	(1)
A Postindustrial Society	58	(1)
A Class Society	59	(1)
A Pluralistic Religious Society	59	(2)
A Multicultural Society	61	(1)
A Welfare State	61	(1)
A Mixed Economy	61	(1)
The Socialization Process	62	(1)
Education and Class	62	(1)
A Changing Britain	63	(1)
Thinking Critically	64	(1)
Key Terms	65	(1)
Further Readings	65	(1)
Political Processes and Institutions	66	(40)
Voting	66	(3)
Is the Electoral System Working?	69	(1)
Elections	70	(1)
A Closer Look 2.5 The June 2001 General Election	71	(1)
Who Are the Candidates?	72	(1)
A Closer Look 2.6 Some Record Postwar Elections	72	(1)
The Nature of Voting	73	(2)
A Closer Look 2.7 Party Identification and Class	75	(1)
Political Parties	76	(1)
Party Organizations	77	(1)
Local and Regional	77	(1)
National Organization	78	(2)
The Parties in Parliament	80	(1)
Party Leadership	80	(1)
Power within the Parties	81	(1)
Interest Groups	82	(1)
Business	82	(1)
Trade Unions	83	(1)
The Executive	84	(1)
The Monarchy	84	(1)
Review 2.3 Long Live the Queen: A European Time Line	85	(1)
The Government	85	(2)
The Cabinet	87	(1)
Review 2.4 Some Key Terms in British Politics	88	(1)
Cabinet Membership	89	(1)
Procedure in the Cabinet	89	(1)
A Closer Look 2.8 The Cabinet, 2005	89	(1)
The Prime Minister	90	(1)
Functions	91	(1)
A Closer Look 2.9 Tony Blair: Labour Leader and Prime Minister	91	(1)
Is the Prime Minister a Quasi President?	92	(1)
Review 2.5 The Center of British Government	93	(1)
The Civil Service	94	(1)
Review 2.6 Quangos (Quasi Autonomous Nongovernmental Organizations) or Nondepartmental Public Bodies	95	(1)
The Role of the Civil Service	95	(1)
A Closer Look 2.10 Civil Servants and Policy Advice	96	(1)
The Legislature	96	(1)
Composition of Parliament	97	(1)
House of Lords	97	(1)
House of Commons	98	(1)
A Closer Look 2.11 The House of Lords: Interim Reform	98	(1)
Who Becomes an MP?	99	(1)
A Closer Look 2.12 Did I Hear a Word?	99	(1)
MPs and Political Parties	100	(1)
The Opposition	101	(1)
How Important Is the MP?	102	(1)
An Assenting Assembly	102	(1)
Judges and Politics	103	(1)
Thinking Critically	104	(1)
Key Terms	104	(1)
Further Readings	105	(1)
Public Policy	106	(17)
The Mixed Economy	106	(1)
The Decline of Nationalized Industries	107	(1)
Economic Planning	108	(1)
Review 2.7 Thatcher and Blair Economics and Social Policy	109	(1)
The Welfare State	109	(1)
Social Security	109	(1)
Review 2.8 Economic and Social Policies of the Blair Government, 1997-2005	110	(1)
The National Health Service	111	(1)
Foreign Affairs	112	(1)
From Special Relationship to Ally	112	(1)
From Empire to Commonwealth	113	(3)
A Closer Look 2.13 Splitting the Rock	116	(1)
Britain and the European Union	116	(2)
Conclusion	118	(1)
Thinking Critically	119	(1)
Key Terms	119	(1)
Abbreviations	119	(1)
Further Readings	120	(1)
Web Sites	120	(3)
The Government of France	123	(62)
Jean Blondel
Political Development	126	(12)
History and Society: Traditions and Contradictions in French Politics	126	(1)
The Instability of French Politics through the 1960s	126	(1)
Social and Economic Development	126	(1)
The Clash between Liberalism and Authoritarianism	126	(1)
Nationalism and Internationalism	127	(1)
Centralization and Decentralization	128	(1)
A Closer Look 3.1 French Culture and the French Language	128	(1)
The Historical Perspective of French Politics	129	(1)
The Revolution of 1789	129	(1)
Traditionalists and Liberals in the Nineteenth Century	129	(1)
The Napoleonic Tradition	130	(1)
Republicanism and Its Elements	131	(1)
The Second World War and Its Consequences: The Vichy Regime, the Resistance, and the Fourth Republic	131	(1)
The Fall of the Fourth Republic	131	(1)
The Background of the Social Order	132	(1)
Peasant Origins	132	(1)
Regional Sectionalism and the Influence of Paris	133	(1)
Social Class	134	(1)
Church and State	135	(1)
The Administrative and Cultural Centralization of Modern France	136	(1)
Thinking Critically	137	(1)
Key Terms	137	(1)
Further Readings	137	(1)
Political Processes and Institutions	138	(33)
Interest Groups	138	(1)
Trade Unions	138	(2)
Business Organizations	140	(2)
Farmers' Organizations	142	(1)
Other Groups	142	(1)
A Closer Look 3.2 The Weakness of Protest Groups in France	143	(1)
Groups and the Political System	144	(1)
The Party System	145	(1)
Streamlining the Parties: Gaullists and Socialists	145	(1)
The Effect of the Electoral System	146	(1)
The Right and Center	146	(2)
The Resilience of the Center	148	(1)
The Extreme Right	149	(1)
The Left	150	(4)
The Spirit of the Constitution of 1958	154	(1)
De Gaulle and the Constitution of 1958	154	(1)
A Hybrid System of Executive Power	154	(1)
A Closer Look 3.3 De Gaulle and Mitterrand	155	(1)
President and Government	156	(1)
The Formal Powers of the President	156	(1)
The Presidential Power of Dissolution	156	(1)
Constitutional Amendments and Referendums	156	(2)
Emergency Powers	158	(1)
Popular Election of the President	158	(1)
A Closer Look 3.4 The Popular Election of the President May Weaken Political Parties	158	(1)
The Government	159	(1)
The Role of the Prime Minister	159	(1)
The Structure and Composition of the Government	160	(1)
President, Prime Minister, and Government in the Fifth Republic	161	(1)
The Extent of Presidential Intervention	161	(1)
The Semipresidential Character of the Fifth Republic	162	(1)
Cohabitation	162	(1)
The Legislature	163	(1)
The Traditional Role of the French Parliament	163	(1)
Parliamentary Organization in the Fifth Republic	164	(1)
Scope of Legislation	165	(1)
The Legislative Struggle	165	(1)
Parliamentary Committees	166	(1)
The Power of the Government to Curb Debate	166	(1)
The Vote of Censure	167	(1)
The Constitutional Council	168	(1)
The New Equilibrium of Powers	168	(1)
A Closer Look 3.5 The Judiciary and Politicians	169	(1)
Thinking Critically	170	(1)
Key Terms	170	(1)
Further Readings	170	(1)
Public Policy	171	(14)
The Organization of the State	171	(1)
The Civil Service	171	(1)
The Idea of the State	171	(1)
The Civil Service and Its Characteristics	172	(1)
The Grands Corps	172	(1)
The Grandes Ecoles	172	(1)
The Role of the Grands Corps in the Nation	173	(1)
A Closer Look 3.6 Education: Still Strongly Elitist	173	(1)
Civil Service Control	174	(1)
Local Government	174	(1)
Departement and Commune	175	(1)
Regionalism	175	(1)
A Closer Look 3.7 The French Media	176	(1)
Economic Intervention and Public Enterprise	176	(1)
The Plan	176	(1)
The Size of the Public Sector	177	(1)
The Move toward Privatization	178	(1)
Foreign Policy	178	(1)
De Gaulle's Worldwide Policy	178	(1)
Pompidou's Greater Realism	178	(1)
France's Role in World Affairs	179	(1)
France and the European Union	179	(1)
Conclusion	180	(2)
Thinking Critically	182	(1)
Key Terms	182	(1)
Further Readings	183	(1)
Web Sites	183	(2)
The Government of Germany	185	(76)
Donald Kommers
A. James McAdams
Political Development	188	(24)
Historical Background: Molding the German Nation	188	(1)
The First Reich (800--1806)	188	(1)
Napoleon to Bismarck (1806--1871)	189	(1)
The Second Reich (1871--1918)	189	(1)
The Weimar Republic (1919--1933)	190	(1)
The Third Reich (1933--1945)	191	(1)
Toward a New Framework of Government	191	(1)
The Occupation (1945--1949)	191	(1)
Reunification	192	(1)
A Closer Look 4.1 Incompatible Social Realities?	193	(1)
Society and Economy	193	(1)
Economic Background	193	(2)
A Closer Look 4.2 The Social Market Economy	195	(1)
Territory and Population	195	(2)
From Bonn to Berlin and In Between	197	(1)
Economic and Social Stratification	198	(1)
Security and Equality	199	(2)
Women, Law, and Society	201	(3)
Ethnic Minorities	204	(1)
A Closer Look 4.3 Not Quite a Melting Pot	205	(1)
Culture: Social and Civic	205	(1)
Education and the Media	205	(1)
Religion and the Churches	206	(1)
Political Attitudes and Participation	207	(2)
Politics and Literature: A Footnote	209	(1)
Conclusion	210	(1)
Thinking Critically	210	(1)
Key Terms	210	(1)
Further Readings	211	(1)
Political Processes and Institutions	212	(31)
Political Parties	212	(1)
Christian Democrats	212	(1)
Social Democrats	213	(1)
Free Democrats	214	(1)
Splinter Parties	215	(1)
Greens	215	(1)
Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)	216	(1)
A Closer Look 4.4 The PDS Takes Root	216	(1)
Party Organization	217	(1)
Party Finance	217	(2)
Interest Groups	219	(1)
Citizen Initiatives (Burgerinitiativen)	220	(1)
Major Interest Aggregations	220	(2)
Electoral Politics	222	(1)
The Electoral System	222	(2)
Split-Ticket Voting	224	(1)
Candidate Selection	224	(1)
Campaign Styles and Techniques	224	(1)
German Politics in Transition	225	(1)
The Postwar Years to Reunification	225	(2)
A Change of Government	227	(2)
Policy-Making Institutions	229	(1)
The Federal President	229	(2)
The Federal Government	231	(1)
Review 4.1 The Basic Law: Selected Basic Rights	231	(3)
The Bundestag: Legislative Branch	234	(2)
The Law-Making Process	236	(1)
Federalism and Bureaucracy	236	(1)
The Bundesrat	237	(1)
An Emerging Instrument of Opposition	238	(1)
The Legal System and the Judiciary	239	(2)
Thinking Critically	241	(1)
Key Terms	241	(1)
Further Readings	242	(1)
Public Policy	243	(18)
Civil Liberties: An Ordering of Constitutional Values	243	(1)
A Closer Look 4.5 Article 65 of the Basic Law---The Chancellor	243	(1)
Asylum and Citizenship	244	(2)
Public Administration: Decentralized Federalism	246	(1)
Social and Economic Policy	246	(1)
Fiscal Policy	246	(1)
General Economic Policy	247	(2)
A Closer Look 4.6 Germany's Social Code	249	(1)
Social Welfare Policy	249	(1)
Summary	250	(1)
Foreign Policy, National Unity, and the Road to Normalcy	250	(1)
Resolving the ``German Problem''	250	(1)
Gorbachev and Glasnost	251	(1)
The Progress and Politics of German Unity	252	(1)
A Closer Look 4.7 An Indivisible Nation	252	(2)
Review 4.2 The Path to German Unity	254	(2)
Post-Unification Foreign Policy	256	(1)
A Closer Look 4.8 Foreign Policy: A Special Responsibility to History	257	(1)
Conclusion	258	(1)
Thinking Critically	258	(1)
Key Terms	258	(1)
Further Readings	258	(1)
Web Sites	259	(2)
The Government of Japan	261	(64)
Theodore McNelly
Political Development	264	(16)
Distinctive Characteristics of Politics in Japan	264	(1)
The Land and the People	264	(1)
Prehistory	265	(1)
Chinese Influence	266	(1)
Feudalism	266	(1)
The Tokugawa Regime	267	(1)
The Imperial Restoration	267	(1)
The Imperial Constitution	268	(1)
Taisho Democracy	269	(1)
The Rise of Militarism	269	(1)
The Allied Occupation	270	(1)
Democratization	270	(1)
The Democratic Constitution	271	(1)
A Closer Look 5.1 Women in Japanese Politics	272	(1)
Popular Acceptance of the Democratic Constitution	273	(1)
The Return of Independence	273	(1)
The Emperor System Today	274	(1)
Hirohito	274	(1)
The Imperial Family	275	(1)
A Modern Monarchy	275	(1)
The Burden of History	276	(1)
Minorities	276	(1)
Religion	277	(1)
Thinking Critically	278	(1)
Key Terms	278	(1)
Further Readings	278	(2)
Political Processes and Institutions	280	(28)
Political Parties in Modern Japan	280	(1)
The Electoral System for the Lower House	280	(2)
Problems with the Single Nontransferable Vote System	282	(1)
Electoral Reform for the Lower House	282	(2)
Upper House Elections	284	(2)
The Liberal Democratic Party	286	(1)
Factions in the LDP	286	(1)
Scandals	287	(1)
The Splintering of the LDP	288	(1)
The New LDP Hegemony	289	(2)
Koizumi	291	(1)
The Social Democratic Party of Japan	292	(1)
Murayama's Coalition Cabinet	293	(1)
Decline of the SPDJ	294	(1)
The Democratic Socialists	294	(1)
The Communists	294	(1)
The Komeito	295	(1)
The Democratic Party of Japan	296	(1)
The Liberal Party	296	(1)
The Diet	297	(1)
The Legislative Process	297	(2)
The Cabinet	299	(1)
Responsible Government	299	(1)
A Closer Look 5.2 Automatic Approval of Treaties	299	(1)
The Prime Minister	300	(1)
Review 5.1 Parliamentary Democracy According to the Japanese Constitution	300	(1)
Review 5.2 Japan's Prime Ministers, 1945--2005	301	(1)
Cabinet Ministers	302	(1)
The Koizumi Cabinet	302	(1)
Dissolutions	303	(1)
The Bureaucracy	304	(1)
The Courts	304	(1)
Judicial Review	304	(1)
Article 9	304	(1)
Local Government	305	(1)
Thinking Critically	306	(1)
Key Terms	306	(1)
Further Readings	307	(1)
Public Policy	308	(17)
The Japanese Economy	308	(1)
The Economic Miracle	308	(1)
The Korean War Boom	308	(1)
Government Involvement	309	(1)
Globalization	309	(1)
The Structure of the Japanese Economy	310	(1)
The Collapse of the Bubble Economy	310	(1)
Reform and Privatization	311	(1)
The Welfare State	312	(1)
Education	312	(1)
Higher Education	313	(1)
Foreign Policy	313	(1)
Alignment with the United States	313	(1)
Relations with Russia	314	(1)
Relations with the Two Chinas	315	(2)
Relations with the Two Koreas	317	(1)
The United Nations	317	(1)
National Defense	318	(1)
Article 9	318	(1)
The Self-Defense Forces	318	(1)
The Mission of the Self-Defense Forces	319	(1)
Nuclear Nonproliferation	320	(1)
Military Technology	320	(1)
The War against Terrorism	321	(1)
Thinking Critically	321	(1)
Key Terms	322	(1)
Further Readings	322	(1)
Web Sites	323	(2)
The European Union	325	(32)
Michael Curtis
Historical Background	327	(1)
A United States of Europe?	328	(1)
European Coal and Steel Community	329	(1)
Review 6.1 Key Terms in European Integration	330	(1)
The European Economic Community	331	(1)
A Closer Look 6.1 The Council of Europe	331	(1)
Review 6.2 The Single European Act (SEA)	332	(1)
The Maastricht Treaty	332	(1)
A Closer Look 6.2 The European Economic Area (EEA)	332	(1)
Review 6.3 Major Features of Maastricht	333	(1)
The Basic Structure of the European Union	333	(2)
Review 6.4 Key Events in European Integration	335	(1)
A Closer Look 6.3 The European Communities and the EU	336	(2)
EU Financial Structure	338	(1)
The Institutions of the EU	338	(1)
The European Commission	338	(1)
A Closer Look 6.4 Jose Manuel Barroso---President of the European Commission	339	(1)
The Council of Ministers	340	(1)
Other Executive Bodies	340	(2)
The European Parliament	342	(1)
A Closer Look 6.5 Who Makes EU Policy?	342	(2)
The Court of Justice	344	(1)
Other Agencies	344	(1)
The Single or Common Market	345	(1)
EU Policy Issues	346	(1)
A Common Currency	346	(2)
Review 6.5 A Tale of Eight Cities	348
Security and Defense	347	(2)
A Closer Look 6.6 No More Franc, No More Lira---Now the Euro	349
Justice and Home Affairs	347	(1)
Common Agricultural Policy	348	(2)
Review 6.6 Major Features of the European Union	350
Foreign Affairs	349	(1)
Trade	349	(1)
Diplomatic Relations and Development Programs	350	(1)
The EU's Future	351	(2)
Thinking Critically	353	(1)
Key Terms	353	(1)
Further Readings	354	(1)
Web Sites	355	(2)
Part 2 COMMUNIST AND POST-COMMUNIST SYSTEMS
The Government of the Russian Federation	357	(92)
Roger E. Kanet
John S. Reshetar Jr.
Political Development	360	(25)
A Closer Look 7.1 Vladimir Putin	361	(1)
The Political Setting	361	(1)
The Soviet Legacy	362	(2)
The Imperial Legacy	364	(1)
The Price of Empire	364	(1)
A Closer Look 7.2 Solzhenitsyn on the Burdens of Empire	365	(1)
The Geographic Setting	365	(1)
The People	366	(1)
Nationalities	366	(4)
Social Classes	370	(3)
Russian Political Values and Soviet Political Culture	373	(1)
Key Russian Syndromes	374	(1)
Centralized Power and Absolutist Rule	374	(2)
Truth Seeking	376	(1)
Resistance, Sectarianism, and Anarchy	377	(1)
Alienation of the Intelligentsia	377	(1)
Russia's Identity	378	(1)
Pretense and Mendacity	378	(1)
Psychocultural Theories	379	(1)
Leninism---The Russian Version of Marxism	380	(1)
Tenets of Leninism	380	(2)
Relevance of Marxism-Leninism	382	(1)
Leninism in Retreat	382	(1)
Thinking Critically	383	(1)
Key Terms	384	(1)
Further Readings	384	(1)
Political Processes and Institutions	385	(41)
Party Leadership	386	(3)
The Failed Model	389	(1)
The Partocracy	389	(1)
The Reckoning	390	(1)
Gorbachev: Reformer in Spite of Himself	390	(2)
Contradictions in the Reform Process	392	(1)
Gorbachev's Errors and Failures	393	(2)
Success in Failure	395	(1)
The New Office of President	396	(1)
The Rise of Boris Yeltsin	397	(2)
The August 1991 Coup	399	(2)
The End of the Soviet Union	401	(2)
Review 7.1 The Decline of Empire	403	(1)
Building the Russian Federation	404	(1)
A Closer Look 7.3 Renaming the USSR	404	(1)
Nation Building in the Russian Federation and the CIS	405	(4)
Democratization and Political Institution Building	409	(4)
A Closer Look 7.4 Russian Governmental Institutions	413	(3)
Review 7.2 Key Political Figures in Russia 2005	416	(2)
Toward a Market Economy	418	(4)
Toward the Future	422	(1)
Thinking Critically	423	(1)
Key Terms	423	(1)
Further Readings	423	(3)
Public Policy	426	(23)
Public Policy in the Soviet Union	426	(1)
The Soviet View of International Relations	427	(1)
Strategic Retreat: From Superpower to Supplicant	428	(1)
Coordination of Foreign and Domestic Policies	429	(3)
Building a New Public Policy	432	(1)
Russian Foreign Policy	433	(8)
Russian Domestic Policy	441	(3)
Toward the Future	444	(1)
Thinking Critically	445	(1)
Key Terms	445	(1)
Further Readings	445	(1)
Web Sites	446	(3)
The Government of China	449	(52)
Joseph Fewsmith
Political Development	452	(14)
The Decline of Imperial China	453	(1)
The Self-Strengthening Movement	454	(1)
Toward Social and National Revolution	455	(1)
Nationalist Revolution	455	(1)
Mass Nationalism	455	(1)
The Nationalist and Communist Revolutions	456	(1)
Rural Revolution	456	(1)
Mao Zedong Thought	457	(2)
Consolidation and Radicalization	459	(1)
Political Factors	460	(1)
The Great Leap Forward	461	(1)
The Cultural Revolution	462	(1)
China under Reform	462	(2)
Thinking Critically	464	(1)
Key Terms	464	(1)
Further Readings	465	(1)
Political Processes and Institutions	466	(22)
The Party	466	(1)
Historical Legacy	466	(1)
Organization	467	(3)
Central Military Commission	470	(1)
Local Party Organizations	471	(1)
The State	471	(1)
State Council, Ministries, and Commissions	471	(1)
Review 8.1 Key Abbreviations in Chinese Politics	472	(1)
Party Control of the State	472	(1)
The National People's Congress	473	(1)
The Emergence of Economic Reform	473	(2)
Rural Reform	475	(1)
Industrial Reform	476	(1)
The Politics of Economic Reform	477	(1)
Opening to the Outside World	478	(2)
A Closer Look 8.1 How Wealthy is China in 2004?	480	(1)
Political and Social Tensions	480	(2)
Tiananmen	482	(2)
The Post-Tiananmen Era	484	(2)
Thinking Critically	486	(1)
Key Terms	486	(1)
Further Readings	487	(1)
Public Policy	488	(13)
A Closer Look 8.2 Tension in the Taiwan Straits	488	(1)
Pressures for Political Change	489	(1)
Generational Change	489	(1)
State-Society Relations	490	(2)
Village Democracy	492	(2)
Globalization	494	(2)
Ethnic Conflict and Human Rights	496	(2)
Thinking Critically	498	(1)
Key Terms	498	(1)
Further Readings	498	(1)
Web Sites	499	(2)
Part 3 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Governments of the Middle East	501	(36)
Michael Curtis
Historical Background	503	(1)
A Closer Look 9.1 League of Nations Mandates	503	(1)
Review 9.1 Organization of the Islamic Conference	504	(4)
The Role of Religion	508	(1)
A Closer Look 9.2 The Kurds	509	(1)
Review 9.2 The League of Arab States	510	(1)
Historical Divisions	511	(2)
Political Divisions	513	(1)
Democratic States	513	(3)
Partly Democratic States	516	(1)
Authoritarian but Not Dictatorial States	517	(2)
Authoritarian States or Dictatorships	519	(2)
Monarchies with Limited Consultation	521	(1)
A Closer Look 9.3 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)	522	(1)
A Closer Look 9.4 Gulf Cooperation Council	523	(1)
Monarchies with Representative Elements	523	(1)
Theocracy	524	(1)
The Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Peace Process	525	(2)
Regional Issues	527	(3)
The Arab Human Development Report 2002	530	(1)
Population	531	(1)
Health	532	(1)
Education and Knowledge	533	(1)
Economics	533	(1)
Women's Empowerment	533	(1)
Politics	533	(1)
Thinking Critically	534	(1)
Key Terms	534	(1)
Further Readings	535	(1)
Web Sites	535	(2)
The Government of India	537	(58)
Bernard E. Brown
Political Development	540	(13)
Traditional Society in India	541	(2)
The Impact of British Rule	543	(4)
Toward Independence	547	(4)
Review 10.1 Key Events in the History of India Before Independence	551	(1)
Thinking Critically	551	(1)
Key Terms	552	(1)
Further Readings	552	(1)
Political Processes and Institutions	553	(28)
Interest Groups	553	(2)
Voting	555	(1)
Election Results and Party System	556	(1)
Domination by the Congress Party	557	(1)
The Center Does Not Hold	557	(3)
The Center Holds---For Now	560	(1)
The Major Parties	561	(1)
The Congress Party	561	(3)
The Janata Party	564	(1)
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)	565	(2)
The Communist Parties of India	567	(1)
Regional Parties	568	(1)
Evolution of the Party System	569	(1)
The Constitution of India	569	(4)
The President and Vice President	573	(1)
Review 10.2 Presidents of India	573	(1)
The Parliament	574	(1)
The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers	575	(1)
Review 10.3 Prime Ministers of India	576	(2)
The Supreme Court	578	(1)
A Closer Look 10.1 Structure of Government in India	578	(1)
The Bureaucracy	579	(1)
Thinking Critically	580	(1)
Key Terms	580	(1)
Further Readings	580	(1)
Public Policy	581	(14)
Modernization: A Balance Sheet	581	(6)
Modernization and Democracy	587	(1)
Foreign Affairs	588	(1)
Mainsprings of Indian Foreign Policy	588	(4)
Thinking Critically	592	(1)
Key Terms	592	(1)
Further Readings	592	(1)
Web Sites	593	(2)
The Government of Mexico	595	(46)
Martin C. Needler
Political Development	598	(14)
Historical Summary to 1910	599	(2)
The Mexican Revolution: The Early Years	601	(2)
Review 11.1 Presidents of Mexico	603	(1)
The Cardenas Era	604	(1)
The Era of Stable Development	605	(2)
The System Enters Permanent Crisis	607	(4)
Thinking Critically	611	(1)
Key Terms	611	(1)
Further Readings	611	(1)
Political Processes and Institutions	612	(17)
The Single-Party System	612	(1)
Major Features of the Single-Party System	613	(1)
Economic and Social Changes during the Single-Party Years	614	(1)
A Closer Look 11.1 Political and Social Issues of Women in Mexico	615	(1)
How the System Evolved, Struggled to Survive, and Failed	615	(2)
A Closer Look 11.2 Corruption and Abuse of Power in Mexico	617	(2)
Interest Groups	619	(1)
Political Parties	620	(1)
Voting and Elections	621	(2)
Constitutional Structure and Norms	623	(1)
State and Local Government	624	(1)
The President and the Presidency	625	(3)
Thinking Critically	628	(1)
Key Terms	628	(1)
Further Readings	628	(1)
Public Policy	629	(12)
Agriculture and Land Reform	629	(2)
General Economic Policy	631	(1)
A Closer Look 11.3 The North American Free Trade Area	632	(1)
Foreign Debt and Income Distribution	633	(1)
The Mexican Oil Industry	634	(1)
Oil Policy	635	(1)
Foreign Policy	636	(2)
Conclusion	638	(1)
Thinking Critically	638	(1)
Key Terms	639	(1)
Further Readings	639	(1)
Web Sites	639	(2)
The Government of Nigeria	641	(56)
Stephen Wright
Political Development	644	(15)
A Closer Look 12.1 The Census	645	(1)
Historical Influences on Political Development	646	(1)
British Colonial Rule	647	(1)
The First Republic, 1960--1966	648	(1)
Military Government, 1966--1979	649	(1)
Returning to Civilian Rule	650	(1)
The Second Republic, 1979--1983	650	(1)
Military Government and Transition Programs, 1984--1999	651	(1)
The Fourth Republic	652	(1)
Societal Agendas	653	(1)
A National Identity	653	(1)
Religious Tolerance	654	(2)
Political Economy	656	(1)
A Closer Look 12.2 A Nigerian Development Model?	657	(1)
Socialization and Gender	657	(1)
Thinking Critically	658	(1)
Key Terms	658	(1)
Further Readings	658	(1)
Political Processes and Institutions	659	(24)
Civilian Elite	659	(2)
Military Leadership	661	(1)
A Closer Look 12.3 The Civil War	662	(1)
The First Republic, 1960--1966	663	(1)
Political Parties	663	(1)
Elections	664	(1)
Institutions of the First Republic	665	(1)
The President	665	(1)
The Prime Minister	665	(1)
The House of Representatives	665	(1)
The Senate	666	(1)
Regional Houses of Assembly	666	(1)
Military Government, 1966--1979	666	(1)
Institutions of Military Governments	667	(1)
The Second Republic, 1979--1983	667	(1)
Political Parties	667	(2)
The 1979 Elections	669	(1)
The 1983 Elections	669	(1)
Institutions of the Second Republic	669	(1)
The 1979 Constitution	670	(1)
The President	670	(1)
The National Assembly	671	(1)
State Governments	671	(1)
Military Governments, 1984--1999	671	(1)
Babangida's Government	672	(2)
Abacha and Abubakar	674	(1)
The Fourth Republic	675	(1)
Political Parties	675	(1)
The 1999 Elections	676	(1)
Government Policies	676	(1)
Judiciary and Legal Rights	677	(1)
Local Government	678	(1)
Interest Groups	678	(1)
Civil Society Groups	678	(1)
Business Groups	679	(1)
Labor Unions	679	(1)
The Media	680	(1)
Religious Groups	680	(1)
Universities	681	(1)
Thinking Critically	681	(1)
Key Terms	681	(1)
Further Readings	682	(1)
Public Policy	683	(14)
The Economy	683	(1)
Oil Bonanza	684	(1)
Oil Bust: Rethinking Development Priorities	685	(2)
Revenue Allocation	687	(1)
A Closer Look 12.4 The Environment	688	(1)
Foreign Policy	689	(1)
The 1960s	689	(1)
A Closer Look 12.5 The Case of Ogoniland	690	(1)
A Closer Look 12.6 Nigeria and ECOWAS	691	(1)
The 1970s	691	(1)
The 1980s	692	(1)
The 1990s	692	(1)
The 2000s	693	(1)
Conclusion	694	(1)
Thinking Critically	694	(1)
Key Terms	694	(1)
Further Readings	694	(1)
Web Sites	695	(2)
Conclusion	697	(4)
The Larger Questions on the Agenda of Humanity	697	(4)
Credits	701	(2)
Index	703