Introduction to Criminal Justice

by Bohm, Robert M.; Haley, Keith N.

• ISBN13: 9780028009117
• ISBN10: 0028009118
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-01-02
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

Introduction to Criminal Justice combines up-to-date information with hands-on activities to immerse students in the constantly evolving criminal justice system. By featuring events and people that have recently made headlines, students can better understand the far-reaching impact of the law. The emphasis on hands-on applications encourages students to build a better understanding of the law in and out of the classroom.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
CHAPTER 1 Crime and Justice in the United States	1	(19)
Crime in the United States	3	(1)
The Criminal Justice Response to Crime: An Overview	4	(8)
Criminal Justice: An Institution of Social Control	4	(1)
Criminal Justice: The System	5	(4)
Criminal Justice: The Nonsystem	9	(3)
The Costs of Criminal Justice	12	(2)
Myths About Crime and Criminal Justice	14	(2)
Summary	16	(1)
Questions for Review	17	(1)
Additional Reading	17	(1)
Endnotes	18	(2)
CHAPTER 2 Crime and Its Consequences	20	(38)
Definitions of Crime	23	(10)
Social Definitions	23	(1)
A Legal Definition	24	(2)
Elements of Crime	26	(6)
Degrees or Categories of Crime	32	(1)
The Measurement of Crime	33	(13)
Crime Statistics	33	(4)
Crime Rates	37	(2)
The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports	39	(2)
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)	41	(3)
The National Crime Victimization Surveys	44	(1)
Self-Report Crime Surveys	45	(1)
Costs of Crime	46	(1)
Fear of Crime	47	(2)
Victims of Crime	49	(4)
Summary	53	(2)
Questions for Review	55	(1)
Activities	55	(1)
Additional Reading	55	(1)
Endnotes	56	(2)
CHAPTER 3 Explaining Crime	58	(44)
Introduction to Theory	61	(1)
What Is Theory?	61	(1)
Why Study Criminological Theory?	61	(1)
Classical and Neoclassical Approaches to Explaining Crime	61	(4)
Classical Theory	61	(3)
Neoclassical Theory	64	(1)
Positivistic Approaches to Explaining Crime	65	(22)
Positive Philosophy	65	(2)
The Influence of Empirical and Experimental Science	67	(1)
Key Features of Positivism	67	(1)
General Problems With Positivistic Theories	67	(1)
Biological Theories	68	(5)
Psychological Theories	73	(5)
Sociological Theories	78	(9)
Critical Approaches to Explaining Crime	87	(9)
Interactionism and Labeling Theory	87	(2)
Conflict Theory	89	(2)
Radical Theory	91	(3)
Other Critical Theories	94	(2)
Summary	96	(2)
Questions for Review	98	(1)
Activities	98	(1)
Additional Reading	98	(1)
Endnotes	99	(3)
CHAPTER 4 The Rule of Law	102	(44)
Two Types of Law: Criminal Law and Civil Law	105	(10)
Ideal Characteristics of the Criminal Law	105	(3)
Theories of Criminal Law Creation	108	(2)
Criminal Law as a Political Phenomenon	110	(3)
Sources of Criminal Law in the United States	113	(2)
Substantive vs. Procedural Law	115	(1)
Procedural Law: Rights of the Accused	115	(27)
Miscarriages of Justice	116	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	117	(3)
The Fourth Amendment	120	(12)
The Fifth Amendment	132	(3)
The Sixth Amendment	135	(4)
The Eighth Amendment	139	(3)
Summary	142	(1)
Questions for Review	143	(1)
Activities	144	(1)
Additional Reading	144	(1)
Endnotes	144	(2)
CHAPTER 5 History and Structure of American Law Enforcement	146	(36)
History of American Law Enforcement	149	(11)
The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement	149	(1)
English Roots	149	(3)
Early American Law Enforcement	152	(2)
Standards and Training	154	(2)
The Conflicting Role	156	(1)
Controlling the Police	157	(2)
The Trap of Technology	159	(1)
The Structure of American Law Enforcement	160	(15)
The Size and Cost of American Law Enforcement	161	(1)
Local Policing and Its Functions	162	(6)
County Law Enforcement	168	(2)
State Law Enforcement	170	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement	171	(4)
American Private Security	175	(2)
Summary	177	(2)
Questions for Review	179	(1)
Activities	179	(1)
Additional Reading	179	(1)
Endnotes	180	(2)
CHAPTER 6 Policing America: Culture, Conflict, and Decision Making	182	(48)
The Culture of Policing in America	185	(12)
Public Support of the Police	185	(3)
Elements of the Police Culture	188	(1)
Police as Professionals: Common Features	189	(3)
Unique Features of the Police Role	192	(2)
The Police Personality	194	(1)
Operational Styles	195	(2)
Decisions in American Policing	197	(10)
Entering the World of Policing	197	(1)
Qualities of a Successful Police Officer	198	(1)
The Police Recruitment and Selection Process	199	(3)
Successful Recruiting Practices	202	(1)
The Police Selection Process	203	(3)
The Selection of a Law Enforcement Executive	206	(1)
Patrol	207	(5)
Philosophies and Styles of Patrol	207	(1)
Directed Patrol	208	(1)
Aggressive Patrol	209	(1)
Foot Patrol	209	(2)
Community Policing	211	(1)
Investigation	212	(3)
Traffic	215	(1)
Conflicts and Issues	216	(10)
Discretion	216	(1)
Patrol Officer Discretion	216	(1)
Factors Affecting Discretion	217	(2)
Methods of Controlling Discretion	219	(1)
Use of Force	219	(1)
Deadly Force	220	(2)
Police Corruption	222	(1)
Types of Corruption	222	(1)
Contolling Corruption	223	(1)
Law Enforcement as a Profession	224	(2)
Summary	226	(1)
Questions for Review	226	(1)
Activities	227	(1)
Additional Reading	227	(1)
Endnotes	227	(3)
CHAPTER 7 The Administration of Justice	230	(46)
The American Court Structure	233	(6)
The Federal Courts	233	(4)
The State Courts	237	(2)
Purposes of Courts	239	(1)
Key Actors in the Court Process	240	(12)
The Prosecutor	240	(5)
The Defense Attorney	245	(5)
The Judge	250	(2)
Pretrial Stages	252	(16)
From Arrest Through Initial Appearance	253	(3)
Bail and Other Methods of Pretrial Release	256	(4)
Information	260	(1)
Preliminary Hearing	260	(1)
Grand Jury	261	(1)
Arraignment	262	(1)
Plea Bargaining	263	(3)
The Criminal Trial	266	(5)
The Jury	266	(3)
The Trial Process	269	(2)
Summary	271	(1)
Questions for Review	272	(1)
Activities	273	(1)
Additional Reading	273	(1)
Endnotes	274	(2)
CHAPTER 8 Sentencing, Appeals, and the Death Penalty	276	(39)
Sentencing	279	(12)
Statutory Provisions	279	(6)
Philosophical Rationales	285	(4)
Organizational Considerations	289	(1)
Presentence Investigation Reports	289	(2)
Personal Characteristics of Judges	291	(1)
Appeals	291	(1)
The Death Penalty	292	(18)
A Brief History of the Death Penalty in the United States	292	(1)
Enter the Supreme Court	293	(8)
The Procedural Reforms Approved in Gregg	301	(5)
Prospects for the Future	306	(4)
Summary	310	(1)
Questions for Review	311	(1)
Activities	311	(1)
Additional Reading	312	(1)
Endnotes	312	(3)
CHAPTER 9 Institutional Corrections	315	(39)
Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections	317	(5)
European Background	317	(3)
Developments in the United States	320	(2)
Developments in the Twentieth Century	322	(3)
Recent Developments	323	(1)
Cycles in History	324	(1)
The Incarceration Boom	325	(6)
Recent Trends	325	(3)
Inmate Characteristics	328	(3)
Incarceration Facilities	331	(9)
Organization and Administration by Government	331	(2)
Types of Facilities	333	(7)
Institutional Security, Services, and Programs	340	(8)
Security and Inmate Discipline	340	(3)
Services and Programs	343	(5)
Summary	348	(1)
Questions for Review	349	(1)
Activities	349	(1)
Additional Reading	350	(1)
Endnotes	351	(3)
CHAPTER 10 Prison Life, Inmate Rights, Release, and Recidivism	354	(26)
Living in Prison	357	(7)
Inmate Society	357	(5)
Life in Women's Prisons	362	(2)
Working in Prison	364	(3)
Inmate Rights and Prison Reform	367	(5)
Access to Courts and Legal Services	368	(1)
Procedural Due Process in Prison	369	(1)
First Amendment Rights	369	(1)
Eighth Amendment Rights	370	(1)
Fourteenth Amendment Rights	371	(1)
The Limits of Litigation	371	(1)
Release and Recidivism	372	(4)
Summary	376	(1)
Questions for Review	377	(1)
Activities	377	(1)
Additional Reading	377	(1)
Endnotes	378	(2)
CHAPTER 11 Community Corrections	380	(52)
Community Corrections: Definition and Scope	383	(3)
Goals and Staff Roles	383	(2)
Importance of Community Corrections	385	(1)
Probation	386	(13)
Definition and Objectives	386	(1)
Historical Context	387	(1)
Administration	388	(1)
Process and Procedures	388	(9)
Issues in Probation	397	(2)
Parole	399	(10)
Definition and Objectives	399	(1)
Historical Context	400	(1)
Administration	400	(1)
Process and Procedures	401	(4)
Parole Issues	405	(4)
Intermediate Sanctions	409	(13)
Intensive Supervision Probation and Parole	410	(2)
Day Reporting Centers	412	(1)
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring	413	(4)
Halfway Houses	417	(5)
Temporary Release Programs	422	(2)
Summary	424	(3)
Questions for Review	427	(1)
Activities	427	(1)
Additional Reading	428	(1)
Endnotes	429	(3)
CHAPTER 12 Juvenile Justice	432	(40)
Historical Development of Juvenile Justice	435	(9)
Early Responses to the Young Offender	435	(1)
The Development of Institutions for Youths	436	(3)
The Development of the Juvenile Court	439	(5)
The Processing of Juvenile Offenders	444	(11)
The Informal Juvenile Justice Process	444	(2)
The Formal Juvenile Justice Process	446	(9)
Correctional Programs for Juveniles	455	(11)
Comunity-Based Correctional Programs for Juveniles	457	(4)
Institutional Programs for Juveniles	461	(5)
Summary	466	(1)
Questions for Review	467	(1)
Activities	467	(1)
Additional Reading	467	(1)
Endnotes	468	(4)
CHAPTER 13 Understanding and Predicting the Future of Criminal Justice	472	(25)
A Framework for Understanding the Future of Criminal Justice	475	(5)
The Crime Control Model	476	(1)
The Due Process Model	477	(2)
Crime Control vs. Due Process	479	(1)
The Future of Law Enforcement	480	(3)
The Future of the Administration of Criminal Justice	483	(6)
The Future of Corrections	489	(5)
Summary	494	(1)
Questions for Review	494	(1)
Activities	494	(1)
Additional Reading	495	(1)
Endnotes	495	(2)
Glossary	497	(16)
Index	513