Introduction To Criminal Justice

by Travis, Lawrence F.

• ISBN13: 9781583605301
• ISBN10: 1583605304
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-06-15
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Author Biography

Lawrence F. Travis III is Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati and Director of the University's Center for Criminal Justice Research.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. iii
Criminal Justice Perspectives	p. 1
Social Control	p. 2
Types of Social Control	p. 3
Criminal Justice as Social Control	p. 3
Perspectives on Criminal Justice	p. 10
Disciplinary Analyses	p. 11
Comparison Analyses	p. 13
Process Analyses	p. 14
Thematic Analyses	p. 15
Systems Analyses	p. 16
Choosing a Perspective
Systems Theory and the Systems Approach	p. 18
The System of Criminal Justice	p. 18
The Nonsystem of Criminal Justice	p. 21
The Environment of Criminal Justice	p. 23
The Material Environment of Criminal Justice	p. 24
The Ideological Environment of Criminal Justice	p. 26
Examining Criminal Justice	p. 30
Preview of Forthcoming Chapters	p. 31
Review Questions	p. 33
References	p. 34
The Justice Process	p. 39
The Decision Points of the Criminal Justice System	p. 40
Detection	p. 40
Investigation	p. 41
Arrest	p. 42
Initial Appearance	p. 42
Preliminary Hearing	p. 43
Arraignment	p. 44
Trial	p. 45
Sentencing	p. 46
Revocation	p. 46
Discharge	p. 49
The Total Criminal Justice System	p. 50
Controlling the Drunk Driver	p. 51
The New York State Drug Law	p. 53
Domestic Violence Arrest Policies	p. 55
The Components of Criminal Justice	p. 56
Law Enforcement	p. 56
Courts	p. 59
Corrections	p. 65
Systems and Criminal Justice Structure	p. 69
Review Questions	p. 70
References	p. 70
Crime and Crime Control	p. 75
Defining Crime	p. 76
Classification of Crimes and Criminals	p. 79
Defining Criminals	p. 81
Criminal Careers versus Career Criminals	p. 82
Controlling Crime and Criminals	p. 87
Law Enforcement Programs	p. 89
Court Programs	p. 91
Corrections Programs	p. 94
A New Direction for Crime Control	p. 95
Crime Control in General	p. 100
Review Questions	p. 100
References	p. 101
Counting Crimes and Criminals	p. 105
The Need for Numbers	p. 105
The Impact of Ignorance	p. 107
Official Statistics	p. 109
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)	p. 110
Other Official Statistics	p. 114
Unofficial Statistics	p. 114
Victim Surveys	p. 115
Self-Reports	p. 119
Other Measures of Crime and Criminal Justice	p. 120
Summary of Crime Statistics	p. 121
Discrimination in the Justice System	p. 122
Understanding the Justice System	p. 125
Criminal Justice in a Democracy	p. 127
Review Questions	p. 131
References	p. 131
Police and Policing	p. 137
The Development of American Policing	p. 139
Law Enforcement in England	p. 139
The Colonial and Early American Experience	p. 141
The American Police	p. 143
The Functions of Police	p. 144
The Police as a Human Services Agency	p. 145
The Police as a Crime Control Agency	p. 148
The Police as a Peacekeeping Agency	p. 149
Community Policing: A Revised Role for the Police	p. 150
The Structure of American Policing	p. 153
Understanding Police	p. 157
Policing in the Whole System	p. 160
Review Questions	p. 161
References	p. 162
Law Enforcement in the Criminal Justice System	p. 167
Detection	p. 167
Investigation	p. 169
Search	p. 169
Interrogation	p. 174
Other Investigatory Practices	p. 179
Arrest	p. 183
Due Process, Crime Control, and the Police	p. 186
Police Officers	p. 187
Issues in Law Enforcement	p. 192
Corruption	p. 192
Use of Force	p. 194
Community Relations	p. 198
Review Questions	p. 201
References	p. 202
Table of Cases	p. 207
The Criminal Courts	p. 209
The Organization of American Courts	p. 211
Federal Courts	p. 213
State Courts	p. 213
Community Courts	p. 218
The Development of American Courts	p. 218
The Functions of Courts	p. 220
The Criminal Court Process	p. 221
Initial Appearance	p. 222
Preliminary Hearing	p. 226
Formal Charging	p. 228
Arraignment	p. 230
Trial	p. 233
Due Process, Crime Control, and the Courts	p. 236
Review Questions	p. 238
References	p. 238
Table of Cases	p. 241
People and Problems in the Courts	p. 243
Defense Attorneys	p. 243
Prosecutors	p. 249
Judges	p. 251
Jurors	p. 253
Problems in the Criminal Courts	p. 255
Speedy Trial	p. 256
The Courtroom Work Group	p. 259
Free Press and Fair Trial	p. 260
Plea Bargaining	p. 263
Additional Issues in the Courts	p. 265
The Criminal Courts in the Whole System	p. 268
Review Questions	p. 269
References	p. 270
Table of Cases	p. 273
Sentencing: The Goals and Process of Punishment	p. 275
The Purposes of Punishment	p. 276
Sentencing Structures in the United States	p. 282
Sentencing in the Justice System	p. 286
Presentence Investigation	p. 287
The Sentencing Hearing	p. 288
The Parole Hearing	p. 289
Conditions of Sentence	p. 290
Probation	p. 290
Incarceration	p. 291
Issues in Sentencing	p. 292
Disparity	p. 293
Corporal and Capital Punishment	p. 295
Using Time as a Penalty: Truth in Sentencing	p. 299
Intermediate Sanctions	p. 301
Due Process, Crime Control, and Sentencing in the Whole System	p. 302
Review Questions	p. 305
References	p. 305
Table of Cases	p. 311
Incarceration	p. 313
The Origins of American Incarceration	p. 315
The Congregate/Segregate System Debate	p. 317
The Changing Purposes of Prisons	p. 320
The Organization of American Incarceration	p. 324
Jail Organization	p. 324
Prison Organization	p. 326
Doing Time	p. 330
Deprivation of Liberty	p. 331
Deprivation of Good and Services	p. 332
Deprivation of Heterosexual Relations	p. 333
Deprivation of Autonomy	p. 333
Deprivation of Security	p. 334
Correctional Officers: The Other Inmates	p. 334
Incarceration in the Criminal Justice System	p. 338
First Amendment Protections	p. 339
Eighth Amendment Protections	p. 340
Fourteenth Amendment Protections	p. 341
Legal Issues in Incarceration	p. 342
Due Process, Crime Control, and Incarceration	p. 343
Review Questions	p. 343
References	p. 344
Table of Cases	p. 349
Problems and Issues in Incarceration	p. 351
Privatization	p. 354
Crowding	p. 358
Prison Industries	p. 364
Prison Violence	p. 368
Interpersonal Assaults and Homicide	p. 368
Sexual Assaults and Violence	p. 370
Riots	p. 372
Continuing Pressures on Incarceration	p. 375
Incarceration in the Total System	p. 376
Review Questions	p. 378
References	p. 379
Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections	p. 387
The Origins of Community Supervision	p. 388
The Organization of Community Supervision: Probation and Parole	p. 393
Other Forms of Community Supervision	p. 396
Halfway Houses	p. 396
Community Service Programs	p. 397
Furlough Programs	p. 398
Work and Educational Release Programs	p. 398
Home Incarceration	p. 399
Diversion	p. 400
Being "On Paper"	p. 401
Supervision Conditions	p. 401
Client Perspectives	p. 405
Officer Perspectives	p. 406
Offender's Rights in Community Supervision	p. 408
Community Supervision in the Whole System	p. 410
Review Questions	p. 411
References	p. 412
Table of Cases	p. 415
Issues in Community Supervision	p. 417
Does Community Supervision Work?	p. 417
Controlling Risk	p. 420
Reducing Incarceration and Costs	p. 421
Matching Punishments with Offenders	p. 421
Shock Incarceration	p. 423
Intensive Supervision	p. 426
Electronic Monitoring	p. 428
Day Reporting and Other Sanctions	p. 432
Issues in Community Supervision	p. 434
Innovations in Financing	p. 434
Innovations in Management	p. 436
Innovations in Technology	p. 438
Due Process, Crime Control, and Community Supervision	p. 440
Review Questions	p. 442
References	p. 443
The Juvenile Justice System	p. 449
Defining Delinquency	p. 449
Measuring the Scope of the Problem	p. 452
Official Records	p. 452
Self-Reports of Delinquency	p. 454
Comparing the Delinquency Measures	p. 456
Gang Delinquency	p. 456
Defining Gangs	p. 456
The Extent of Gang Deviance	p. 457
Gang Activity	p. 458
Responding to Gangs	p. 459
The History of Juvenile Justice	p. 461
The Philosophy of the Juvenile Justice System	p. 464
The Juvenile Court Process	p. 465
The Detention Decision	p. 465
The Intake Decision	p. 466
The Waiver Decision	p. 468
Adjudication and Disposition	p. 470
Attorneys in the Juvenile Courtroom	p. 470
Jury Trials for Juveniles	p. 473
The Recent Emphasis on Punitiveness	p. 473
Issues in Juvenile Justice	p. 475
The Future of Juvenile Court	p. 475
Capital Punishment for Juveniles	p. 478
Jurisdiction Over Status Offenses	p. 480
Due Process, Crime Control, and the Juvenile Justice System	p. 483
Review Questions	p. 485
References	p. 485
Table of Cases	p. 489
Discharge and Developments	p. 491
Discharge	p. 492
Collateral Consequences of Conviction	p. 494
Restoration of Rights	p. 496
Recidivism	p. 497
Defining Recidivism	p. 498
Recidivism and Criminal Justice Policy	p. 499
Developments in Criminal Justice	p. 500
Increased Federalism	p. 501
Private Justice	p. 504
Technological Justice	p. 514
Criminal Justice in the Twenty-First Century	p. 523
Criminal Justice: A Final Thought	p. 525
Review Questions	p. 526
References	p. 526
Glossary	p. 533
Subject Index	p. 551
Author Index	p. 565
Case Index	p. 579
About the Author	p. 581
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