Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Application

by Shiraev, Eric; Levy, David

• ISBN13: 9780205295661
• ISBN10: 0205295665
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-11-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Summary

Provides a comprehensive review of theories and research in cross-cultural psychology within a critical thinking framework for examining, analyzing, and evaluating cross-cultural data. This book introduces the field of cross-cultural psychology, discusses basic methodology for cross-cultural research, and explores the fields of sensation and perception, intelligence, human development, emotion, motivation, social perception and interaction, and mental disorders from a cross-cultural perspective. A selection of applied problems in cross-cultural psychology and contemporary society are also examined.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology	1	(24)
What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?	3	(1)
Basic Definitions	4	(4)
Empirical Examination of Culture	8	(2)
Collectivism and Individualism: Further Research	10	(1)
Cultural Syndromes	11	(1)
Sociobiological Approach	12	(1)
Sociological Approach	12	(2)
Ecocultural Approach	14	(1)
The Cultural Mixtures Approach: A New Cross-Cultural Psychology in the Twenty-First Century?	15	(1)
The Integrative Approach: A Summary	16	(3)
What Is Indigenous Psychology?	19	(1)
What Is Ethnocentrism?	19	(1)
What Is Multiculturalism?	20	(1)
A Brief History of the Field	20	(5)
Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research	25	(30)
Goals of Cross-Cultural Research	27	(1)
Quantitative Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology	27	(2)
Quantitative Approach: Measurement Scales	29	(1)
Quantitative Approach: Looking for Linkages and Differences	29	(2)
Qualitative Approach in Cross-Cultural Psychology	31	(1)
Major Steps for Preparation of a Cross-Cultural Study	32	(1)
Sample Selection	33	(2)
Observation in Cross-Cultural Psychology	35	(1)
Survey Methods	36	(1)
Experimental Studies	37	(1)
Content-Analysis	38	(1)
Focus-Group Methodology	39	(1)
Meta-Analysis: Research of Research	40	(1)
A Hidden Obstacle of Cross-Cultural Studies: Test Translation	40	(2)
Comparing Two Phenomena: Some Important Principles	42	(1)
On Smilarities and Differences: Some Critical Thinking Applications	43	(1)
Cultural Dichotomies	44	(2)
Avoiding Bias for Generalizations	46	(2)
Know More about Cultures You Examine!	48	(7)
Critical Thining in Cross-Cultural Psychology	55	(44)
The Evaluative Bias of Language: To Describe Is to Prescribe	57	(2)
Differentiating Dictomous Variables and Continuous Variables: Black and White, or Shades of Gray?	59	(2)
The Similarity-Uniqueness Paradox: All Phenomena Are Both Similar and Different	61	(3)
The Barnum Effect: ``One-Size-Fits-All'' Descriptions	64	(2)
The Assimilation Bias: Viewing the World through Schema-Colored Glasses	66	(3)
The Representativenss Bias: Fits and Misfits of Categorization	69	(3)
The Availability Bias: The Persuasive Power of Vivid Events	72	(3)
The Fundamental Attribution Error: Understanding the Impact of External Influences	75	(4)
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When Expectations Create Reality	79	(2)
Correlation Does Not Prove Causation: Confusing ``What'' with ``Why''	81	(3)
Bidirectional Causation and Multiple Causation: Causal Loops and Compound Pathways	84	(3)
The Naturalistic Fallacy: Blurring the Line between ``Is'' and ``Should''	87	(4)
The Belief Perseverance Effect: ``Don't Confuse Me with the Facts!''	91	(4)
Conclusions: ``To Metathink or Not to Metathink?''	95	(4)
Cognition: Sensation, Perception, and States of Conciousness	99	(31)
Sensation and Perception: Basic Principles	100	(2)
How Culture Influences What We Perceive	102	(2)
How People Perceive Depictions	104	(1)
How People Scan Pictures	105	(1)
Perception of Depth	106	(1)
Are People Equally Misled by Visual Illusions?	106	(1)
Some Cultural Patterns of Drawing Pictures	107	(1)
Perception of Color	108	(2)
Other Senses	110	(2)
Perception of Time	112	(2)
Perception of the Beautiful	114	(2)
Perception of Music	116	(1)
Consciousness and Culture	117	(2)
Sleep and Cultural Significance of Dreams	119	(4)
Beyond Altered States of Consciousness	123	(7)
Intelligence	130	(34)
Defining Intelligence	131	(3)
Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores	134	(3)
Explaining Group Differences in Test Scores: Intelligence and Intelligent Behavior	137	(1)
Do Biological Factors Contribute to Intelligence?	138	(2)
Incompatibility of Tests: Cultural Biases	140	(1)
A Word about ``Cultural Literacy''	141	(2)
Environment and Intelligence	143	(1)
Socioeconomic Factors	144	(2)
The Family Factors	146	(1)
``Natural Selection'' and IQ Scores?	147	(1)
Cultural Values of Cognition	148	(3)
General Cognition: What Is ``Underneath'' Intelligence?	151	(3)
Cognitive Skills, School Grades, and Educational Systems	154	(1)
Culture, Tests, and Motivation	155	(2)
IQ, Culture, and Social Justice	157	(2)
And in the End, Moral Values	159	(5)
Emotion	164	(27)
When We Laugh We Are Happy: Similarities of Emotional Experience	166	(3)
You Cannot Explain Pain if You Have Never Been Hurt: Differences in Emotional Experience	169	(2)
Emotions: Different or Universal?	171	(1)
Physiological Arousal	171	(2)
The Meaning of Preceding Events	173	(3)
Emotion as an Evaluation	176	(1)
We Are Expected to Feel in a Particular Way	177	(1)
How People Assess Emotional Expereince	178	(1)
When Emotions Signal a Challenge: Cross-Cultural Research on Stress	179	(1)
Expression of Emotion	180	(4)
When Emotion Hurts: Cross-Cultural Studies of Anger	184	(1)
Emotion and Inclination to Act	185	(1)
Emotion and Judgment	186	(5)
Motivation and Behavior	191	(28)
Sociobiology: A Glance into Evolution	192	(2)
Social Science: See the Society First	194	(1)
Drive and Arousal: Two Universal Mechanisms of Motivation	194	(1)
The Power of the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis	195	(1)
Humanistic Theories	196	(2)
Learning and Motivation: Cognitive Theories	198	(1)
A Carrot and a Beef Tongue: Hunger and Food Preference	199	(1)
When Hunger Causes Distress: Eating Disorders	200	(1)
Victory and Harmony: Achievement Motivation	200	(5)
Aggressive Motivation and Violence	205	(5)
Culture and Sexuality	210	(4)
Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders	214	(1)
Sex and Sexuality: Some Cross-Cultural Similarities	215	(4)
Human Development and Socialization	219	(28)
Development and Socialization	220	(1)
Quality of Life and the Child's Development	221	(1)
Norms, Customs, and Child Care	222	(2)
Parental Values and Expectations	224	(2)
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development	226	(2)
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development	228	(1)
Stages of Moral Development According to Kohlberg	229	(2)
Developmental Stages	231	(1)
Life before Birth: Prenatal Period	232	(1)
First Steps: Infancy	233	(2)
Discovering the World: Childhood	235	(3)
Major Rehearsal: Adolescence	238	(3)
Adulthood	241	(1)
Late Adulthood	242	(5)
Mental Disorders	247	(30)
American Background DSM-IV	249	(1)
Two Views on Culture and Psychopathology	249	(3)
Central and Peripheral Symptoms	252	(2)
Environment, Culture, and Mental Health	254	(2)
Schizophrenia	256	(1)
Depressive Disorders	257	(2)
Culture and Suicide	259	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	261	(1)
Dementia	262	(1)
Attention-Defict/Hyperactivity Disorder (AHDH)	263	(1)
Persoanlity Disorders	264	(1)
Is Substance Abuse Culturally Bound?	265	(4)
Psychodiagnostic Biases	269	(1)
Psychotherapy	270	(1)
Culture Match?	271	(6)
Social Perception and Social Cognition	277	(26)
The Nature of Attitude	279	(1)
Values	280	(2)
Western and Non-Western Values	282	(1)
Striving for Consistency: The Cognitive Balance Theory	283	(1)
Avoding Inconsistency: Cognitive Dissonance	284	(1)
Psychological Dogmatism	285	(1)
Social Attribution	286	(1)
Attribution as Locus of Control	287	(2)
Explaining the Behavior of Others	289	(2)
Attribution of Success and Failure	291	(1)
Self-Perception	292	(2)
Do Social Norms Affect the Way We See Our Own Body Weight?	294	(1)
Duty and Fairness in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures	295	(2)
Stereotypes and the Power of Generalizations	297	(6)
Social Interaction	303	(24)
Universal Interaction	304	(4)
Direct Contacts	308	(2)
Conformity	310	(2)
Is Conformity Universal across Cultures?	312	(4)
Following Orders	316	(2)
Social Influence	318	(1)
Feeling Good about Some Views	319	(1)
Is Social Loafing Universal?	320	(1)
Cooperation and Competition	321	(1)
Leaders: Born or Bred?	322	(5)
Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights	327	(25)
Resources and Health	329	(1)
Prejudice: Is It Inevitable?	330	(3)
Cross-Cultural Psychology and Negotiations	333	(2)
Streotypes in Daily Life	335	(2)
Acculturative Stress	337	(2)
Culture and Cognitive Tests	339	(1)
Race and Perception of Political Candidates	340	(1)
Immigration and Immigrants	341	(2)
Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Rights	343	(2)
Culture, Ethnicity, and Equality	345	(2)
Discrimination and Minority Status	347	(1)
Multiculturalism and Religion: A Campus Context	348	(1)
Conclusion	349	(3)
Appendices	352	(5)
References	357	(32)
Author Index	389	(6)
Subject Index	395