Introduction to Diffraction in Materials Science and Engineering

by Krawitz, Aaron D.

• ISBN13: 9780471247241
• ISBN10: 0471247243
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-04-19
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

Aaron Krawitz provides both a practical introduction to diffraction that suits the needs of students and a resource for professionals already at work in materials science or engineering who want to utilize the power of diffraction in the study of materials.

Author Biography

AARON D. KRAWITZ is Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Crystallography	1	(39)
Introduction	1	(4)
Point Group	5	(1)
Symmetry about a Point in Space	5	(1)
The 32 Three-Dimensional Point Groups	5	(11)
Plane and Space Lattices	16	(1)
Lattices and Unit Cells	16	(2)
Plane Lattices	18	(3)
Crystal Systems and Space Lattices	21	(3)
Plane and Space Groups	24	(1)
Plane Groups	24	(3)
Space Groups	27	(2)
Use of the International Tables for Crystallography	29	(1)
Equipoints	29	(3)
Structure Symbols	32	(1)
An Annotated Entry	33	(7)
Exercises	35	(5)
Geometrical Representation of Crystals	40	(34)
Planes and Directions	40	(1)
Miller Index Notation for Planes	40	(4)
Miller Index Notation for Directions	44	(2)
Miller-Bravais Notation for Planes and Directions in the Hexagonal System	46	(2)
Zones	48	(1)
Stereographic Projection	48	(1)
Nature of the Projection	48	(6)
Some Basic Operations	54	(7)
Relation to Crystallography	61	(2)
The Reciprocal Lattice	63	(1)
Definition	63	(1)
Properties	63	(4)
Calculations	67	(7)
Exercises	71	(3)
X-Rays	74	(31)
Emission	74	(1)
Continuous Spectrum	74	(3)
Characteristic Spectrum	77	(1)
Absorption	77	(1)
Absorption Coefficients	77	(4)
Absorption Edges and Filters	81	(6)
X-Ray Waves	83	(2)
Scattering by Electrons	85	(2)
Scattering by Atoms	87	(1)
Coherent Scattering by Atoms	87	(5)
Incoherent Scattering by Atoms	92	(1)
Anomalous Dispersion	92	(2)
Sources and Detectors	94	(1)
Laboratory X-Ray Instruments	94	(6)
Synchrotrons	100	(5)
Exercises	102	(3)
Neutrons	105	(14)
Physical Properties	105	(2)
Scattering Lengths and Cross Sections	107	(1)
Scattering Lengths	107	(5)
Scattering Cross Sections	112	(7)
Absorption	112	(3)
Neutron Sources	115	(2)
Exercises	117	(2)
Diffraction	119	(27)
Introduction	119	(1)
Peak Position	120	(1)
Bragg's Law	120	(2)
Diffraction from Rows, Nets, and Lattices	122	(3)
Relation to Reciprocal Space	125	(7)
Intensity under Peaks	128	(4)
Structure Factors	132	(1)
Development	132	(1)
Evaluation of Some Important Structure Factors	133	(13)
Exercises	143	(3)
Diffraction Peak Intensity and Measurement	146	(35)
Introduction	146	(1)
Diffraction from Single Crystals	147	(1)
Single-Crystal Diffractometers and Scans	147	(1)
Diffracted Intensity from Single Crystals	148	(3)
Diffraction from Powders and Polycrystalline Material	151	(1)
Nature of Powders and Polycrystalline Material	151	(2)
Powder Diffractometers and Scans	153	(3)
Diffracted Intensity from Powders	156	(25)
Shape of Powder Diffraction Peaks	161	(6)
Effect of Thermal Vibrations	167	(4)
Role of Absorption	171	(4)
Use of Monochromators in Powder Diffraction	175	(2)
A Summary of Intensity Expressions	177	(1)
Exercises	178	(3)
Two-Dimensional Recording Methods	181	(34)
Introduction	181	(1)
The Powder Method	182	(1)
Analysis of Powder Patterns	182	(4)
Design of Powder Diffraction Measurements	186	(4)
Sources of Error	190	(3)
Other Types of Powder Cameras	193	(2)
Uses of Powder Diffraction Patterns	195	(1)
The Rotation Method	195	(1)
Nature of Rotation Patterns	195	(1)
Analysis of Rotation Patterns	196	(19)
The Laue Method	199	(11)
Exercises	210	(5)
Phase Analysis	215	(40)
Introduction	215	(1)
Qualitative Phase Analysis	216	(1)
Powder Diffraction File	216	(2)
Search Methods	218	(17)
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis	235	(1)
Wavelength and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy	235	(5)
Quantitative Phase Analysis	240	(1)
Introduction	240	(3)
Two-Phase Analysis	243	(4)
Multiphase Analysis	247	(8)
Exercises	251	(4)
Diffraction from More Complex Structures	255	(23)
Introduction	255	(1)
Structure Factors	255	(1)
Trigonometric Structure Factors	255	(1)
Centers of Symmetry	256	(4)
More Complex Structures	260	(1)
Aspects of Complexity	260	(3)
A Case Study: GeSe	263	(6)
Profile Refinement	269	(1)
Introduction	269	(3)
Instrumental Parameters	272	(1)
Structural Parameters	272	(1)
Fitting Procedure	273	(5)
Exercises	277	(1)
Stress Analysis	278	(44)
Introduction	278	(1)
Residual Stresses	278	(2)
Elasticity and Stress States	280	(4)
Using Diffraction to Measure Stress	284	(4)
Measuring Residual Stresses Using Diffraction	288	(1)
Fundamentals	288	(3)
Modeling and Analyzing Residual Stress Data	291	(6)
Biaxial Stress Measurements	297	(14)
Experimental Considerations	302	(9)
Other Issues	311	(1)
Use of Neutrons	311	(6)
Determination of Elastic Constants	317	(5)
Exercises	318	(4)
Other Kinds of Materials Characterization Using Diffraction	322	(33)
Texture	322	(1)
Nature of Texture and Its Effect on Diffraction Patterns	322	(4)
Full Pole Figures	326	(6)
Inverse Pole Figures	332	(6)
Limitations of Pole Figures and Orientation Distributions	338	(1)
Small Scattering Units and Particle Size	338	(1)
Small Scattering Units	338	(5)
Particle Size Broadening	343	(12)
Long-Range Order	346	(6)
Exercises	352	(3)
Appendix A Some Crystallographic Relationships	355	(4)
Appendix B X-Rays	359	(30)
Appendix C Neutrons	389	(8)
Appendix D Energies of K Emission Lines	397	(2)
References	399	(2)
Index	401