Introduction to Digital Audio

by Watkinson; John

• ISBN13: 9780240516431
• ISBN10: 0240516435
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2002-09-04
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Master the basics from first principles: the physics of sound, principles of hearing etc, then progress onward to fundamental digital principles, conversion, compression and coding and then onto transmission, digital audio workstations, DAT and optical disks. Get up to speed with how digital audio is used within DVD, Digital Audio Broadcasting, networked audio and MPEG transport streams. all of the key technologies are here: compression, DAT, DAB, DVD, SACD, oversampling, noise shaping and error correction theories are treated in a simple yet accurate form. Thoroughly researched, totally up-to-date and technically accurate this is the only book you need on the subject.

Author Biography

John Watkinson is an international consultant in Audio, Video and Data Recording. He is a fellow of the AES, a member of the British Computer Society and a Chartered Information Systems Practitioner. He presents lectures, seminars, conference papers and training courses worldwide

Table of Contents

Preface to the second edition	xi
Introducing digital audio	1	(22)
Audio as data	1	(2)
What is an audio signal?	3	(2)
Why binary?	5	(4)
Why digital?	9	(1)
Some digital audio processes outlined	9	(2)
Time compression and expansion	11	(3)
Error correction and concealment	14	(4)
Channel coding	18	(1)
Audio compression	18	(1)
Disk-based recording	19	(2)
Rotary-head digital recorders	21	(1)
Digital audio broadcasting	21	(1)
Networks	22	(1)
Reference	22	(1)
Some audio principles	23	(24)
The physics of sound	23	(1)
Wavelength	24	(1)
Periodic and aperiodic signals	25	(1)
Sound and the ear	26	(2)
The cochlea	28	(1)
Mental processes	29	(2)
Level and loudness	31	(2)
Frequency discrimination	33	(3)
Frequency response and linearity	36	(1)
The sine wave	37	(2)
Root mean square measurements	39	(2)
The deciBel	41	(4)
Audio level metering	45	(2)
References	46	(1)
Digital principles	47	(45)
Binary codes	47	(5)
Introduction to digital logic	52	(6)
The computer	58	(2)
Timebase correction	60	(2)
Multiplexing	62	(1)
Gain control	63	(1)
Digital faders and controls	64	(4)
A digital mixer	68	(3)
Filters	71	(3)
FIR filters	74	(3)
Sampling-rate conversion	77	(4)
Transforms and duality	81	(2)
The Fourier transform	83	(2)
The discrete cosine transform (DCT)	85	(1)
Modulo-n arithmetic	86	(1)
The Galois field	87	(2)
The phase-locked loop	89	(3)
References	90	(2)
Conversion	92	(65)
Introduction to conversion	92	(2)
Sampling and aliasing	94	(4)
Reconstruction	98	(1)
Filter design	99	(2)
Choice of sampling rate	101	(2)
Sample and hold	103	(2)
Sampling clock jitter	105	(3)
Aperture effect	108	(1)
Quantizing	109	(3)
Quantizing error	112	(10)
Basic digital-to-analog conversion	122	(7)
Basic analog-to-digital conversion	129	(5)
Alternative convertors	134	(4)
Oversampling	138	(5)
Oversampling without noise shaping	143	(1)
Noise shaping	144	(4)
Noise-shaping ADCs	148	(3)
A one-bit DAC	151	(2)
One-bit noise-shaping ADCs	153	(4)
References	155	(2)
Compression	157	(36)
Introduction	157	(2)
Lossless and perceptive coding	159	(1)
Compression principles	160	(4)
Codec level calibration	164	(1)
Quality measurement	165	(1)
The limits	166	(1)
Some guidelines	167	(1)
Audio compression tools	168	(4)
Sub-band coding	172	(3)
Transform coding	175	(1)
Compression formats	176	(1)
MPEG Layer I	177	(4)
MPEG Layer II	181	(2)
MPEG Layer III	183	(2)
MPEG-2 AAC	185	(8)
References	191	(2)
Digital coding principles	193	(57)
Introduction	193	(1)
Types of transmission channel	194	(1)
Transmission lines	195	(2)
Types of recording medium	197	(1)
Magnetic recording	197	(6)
Azimuth recording and rotary heads	203	(1)
Optical and magneto-optical disks	204	(2)
Equalization and data separation	206	(2)
Slicing and jitter rejection	208	(5)
Channel coding	213	(2)
Simple codes	215	(3)
Group codes	218	(2)
Randomizing and encryption	220	(1)
Synchronizing	221	(1)
Basic error correction	222	(3)
Concealment by interpolation	225	(1)
Parity	225	(3)
Block and convolutional codes	228	(2)
Cyclic codes	230	(5)
Introduction to the Reed--Solomon codes	235	(8)
Correction by erasure	243	(1)
Interleaving	244	(1)
Product codes	245	(5)
Appendix 6.1 Calculation of Reed-Solomon generator polynomials	247	(2)
References	249	(1)
Transmission	250	(49)
Introduction	250	(1)
The AES/EBU interface	250	(5)
Channel status	255	(4)
User bits	259	(1)
MADI - Multi-channel audio digital interface	259	(4)
Fibre-optic interfacing	263	(1)
Synchronizing	263	(2)
Asynchronous operation	265	(1)
Routing and networks	266	(2)
Networks	268	(6)
FireWire	274	(2)
Broadband networks and ATM	276	(6)
Introduction to NICAM 728	282	(5)
Audio in digital television broadcasting	287	(2)
Packets and time stamps	289	(1)
MPEG transport streams	290	(1)
Clock references	291	(1)
Program Specific Information (PSI)	292	(2)
Introduction to DAB	294	(5)
References	297	(2)
Digital audio tape recorders	299	(26)
Rotary versus stationary heads	299	(1)
PCM adaptors	299	(1)
Introduction to DAT	300	(6)
DAT specification	306	(1)
DAT block diagram	307	(2)
Track following in DAT	309	(2)
DAT data channel	311	(3)
Multi-channel rotary-head recorders	314	(2)
Stationary-head recorders	316	(2)
DASH format	318	(2)
DCC -- Digital Compact Cassette	320	(5)
References	324	(1)
Magnetic disk drives	325	(22)
Types of disk drive	325	(2)
Structure of disk	327	(1)
Principle of flying head	327	(1)
Reading and writing	328	(3)
Moving the heads	331	(2)
Rotation	333	(1)
Servo-surface disks	333	(1)
Soft sectoring	333	(1)
Winchester technology	334	(1)
Rotary positioners	335	(2)
The disk controller	337	(2)
Defect handling	339	(3)
Digital audio disk system	342	(1)
Arranging the audio data on disk	343	(1)
Spooling files	344	(1)
Broadcast applications	344	(1)
Sampling rate and playing time	345	(2)
References	345	(2)
Digital audio editing	347	(14)
Introduction	347	(1)
Editing with random access media	347	(1)
Editing on recording media	348	(1)
The structure of an editor	349	(1)
Timecode	350	(1)
Locating the edit point	350	(4)
Editing with disk drives	354	(2)
Editing in DAT	356	(1)
Editing in open-reel digital recorders	357	(1)
Jump editing	357	(4)
References	360	(1)
Optical disks in digital audio	361	(45)
Types of optical disk	361	(3)
CD and MD contrasted	364	(1)
CD and MD -- disk construction	365	(1)
Rejecting surface contamination	366	(3)
Playing optical disks	369	(3)
Focus and tracking systems	372	(4)
Typical pickups	376	(3)
CD readout in detail	379	(4)
How optical disks are made	383	(2)
How recordable MiniDiscs are made	385	(1)
Channel code of CD and MiniDisc	386	(7)
Error-correction strategy	393	(4)
Track layout of MD	397	(1)
Player structure	398	(8)
References	405	(1)
Glossary	406	(3)
Index	409