An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics

by Campbell, Gaylon S.; Norman, John M.

• ISBN13: 9780387949376
• ISBN10: 0387949372
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-01-01
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

This book describes the physical microenvironment of living organisms. It presents a simplified discussion of heat and mass transfer models and applies them to exchange processes between organisms and their surroundings. Emphasis is placed on teaching the student how to calculate actual transfer rates, rather than just studying the principles involved. Numerous examples are provided to illustrate many of the principles, and problems are included at the end of each chapter to help the student develop skills in using the equations and to gain an understanding of modern environmental biophysics. The book is an engineering approach to environmental biology.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	v	(4)
Preface to the First Edition	ix	(8)
List of Symbols	xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction	1	(4)
1.1 Microenvironments	3	(1)
1.2 Energy Exchange	3	(1)
1.3 Mass and Momentum Transport	4	(1)
1.4 Conservation of Energy and Mass	4	(1)
1.5 Continuity in the Biosphere	5	(2)
1.6 Models, Heterogeneity, and Scale	7	(2)
1.7 Applications	9	(1)
1.8 Units	9	(4)
References	13	(1)
Problems	13	(2)
Chapter 2 Temperature	15	(22)
2.1 Typical Behavior of Atmospheric and Soil Temperature	15	(3)
2.2 Random Temperature Variation	18	(2)
2.3 Modeling Vertical Variation in Air Temperature	20	(3)
2.4 Modeling Temporal Variation in Air Temperature	23	(1)
2.5 Soil Temperature Changes with Depth and Time	23	(3)
2.6 Temperature and Biological Development	26	(2)
2.7 Thermal Time	28	(2)
2.8 Calculating Thermal Time from Weather Data	30	(2)
2.9 Temperature Extremes and the Computation of Thermal Time	32	(1)
2.10 Normalization of Thermal Time	32	(1)
2.11 Thermal Time in Relation To Other Environmental Variables	33	(1)
References	34	(1)
Problems	35	(2)
Chapter 3 Water Vapor and Other Gases	37	(16)
3.1 Specifying Gas Concentration	38	(2)
3.2 Water Vapor: Saturation Conditions	40	(2)
3.3 Condition of Partial Saturation	42	(5)
3.4 Spatial and Temporal Variation of Atmospheric Water Vapor	47	(2)
3.5 Estimating the Vapor Concentration in Air	49	(1)
References	50	(1)
Problems	50	(3)
Chapter 4 Liquid Water in Organisms and their Environment	53	(10)
4.1 Water Potential and Water Content	53	(5)
4.2 Water Potentials in Organisms and their Surroundings	58	(1)
4.3 Relation of Liquid-to Gas-Phase Water	58	(3)
References	61	(1)
Problems	61	(2)
Chapter 5 Wind	63	(14)
5.1 Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence	64	(1)
5.2 Wind as a Vector	65	(1)
5.3 Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed	66	(2)
5.4 Finding the Zero Plane Displacement and the Roughness Length	68	(4)
5.5 Wind Within Crop Canopies	72	(2)
References	74	(1)
Problems	75	(2)
Chapter 6 Heat and Mass Transport	77	(10)
6.1 Molar Fluxes	78	(1)
6.2 Integration of the Transport Equations	79	(1)
6.3 Resistances and Conductances	79	(1)
6.4 Resistors and Conductors in Series	80	(1)
6.5 Resistors in Parallel	81	(1)
6.6 Calculation of Fluxes	81	(4)
Problems	85	(2)
Chapter 7 Conductances for Heat and Mass Transfer	87	(26)
7.1 Conductances for Molecular Diffusion	87	(1)
7.2 Molecular Diffusivities	88	(2)
7.3 Diffusive Conductance of the Integument	90	(3)
7.4 Turbulent Transport	93	(3)
7.5 Fetch and Buoyancy	96	(1)
7.6 Conductance of the Atmospheric Surface Layer	97	(2)
7.7 Conductances for Heat and Mass Transfer in Laminar Forced Convection	99	(3)
7.8 Cylinders, Spheres and Animal Shapes	102	(1)
7.9 Conductances in Free Convection	103	(2)
7.10 Combined Forced and Free Convection	105	(1)
7.11 Conductance Ratios	105	(1)
7.12 Determining the Characteristic Dimension of an Object	106	(2)
7.13 Free Stream Turbulence	108	(1)
Summary of Formulae for Conductance	108	(2)
References	110	(1)
Problems	110	(3)
Chapter 8 Heat Flow in the Soil	113	(16)
8.1 Heat Flow and Storage in Soil	113	(4)
8.2 Thermal Properties of Soils: Volumetric Heat Capacity	117	(2)
8.3 Thermal Properties of Soils: Thermal Conductivity	119	(4)
8.4 Thermal Diffusivity and Admittance of Soils	123	(3)
8.5 Heat Transfer from Animals to a Substrate	126	(2)
References	128	(1)
Problems	128	(1)
Chapter 9 Water Flow in Soil	129	(18)
9.1 The Hydraulic Conductivity	129	(2)
9.2 Infiltration of Water into Soil	131	(2)
9.3 Redistribution of Water in Soil	133	(3)
9.4 Evaporation from the Soil Surface	136	(3)
9.5 Transpiration and Plant Water Uptake	139	(5)
9.6 The Water Balance	144	(1)
References	144	(1)
Problems	144	(3)
Chapter 10 Radiation Basics	147	(20)
10.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum	148	(1)
10.2 Blackbody Radiation	149	(1)
10.3 Definitions	149	(7)
10.4 The Cosine Law	156	(1)
10.5 Attenuation of Radiation	157	(2)
10.6 Spectral Distribution of Blackbody Radiation	159	(1)
10.7 Spectral Distribution of Solar and Thermal Radiation	160	(2)
10.8 Radiant Emittance	162	(3)
References	165	(1)
Problems	165	(2)
Chapter 11 Radiation Fluxes in Natural Environments	167	(18)
11.1 Sun Angles and Daylength	168	(3)
11.2 Estimating Direct and Diffuse Short-wave Irradiance	171	(2)
11.3 Solar Radiation under Clouds	173	(2)
11.4 Radiation Balance	175	(1)
11.5 Absorptivities for Thermal and Solar Radiation	176	(2)
11.6 View Factors	178	(5)
References	183	(1)
Problems	184	(1)
Chapter 12 Animals and their Environment	185	(24)
12.1 The Energy Budget Concept	185	(4)
12.2 Metabolism	189	(1)
12.3 Latent Heat Exchange	190	(4)
12.4 Conduction of Heat in Animal Coats and Tissue	194	(3)
12.5 Qualitative Analysis of Animal Thermal response	197	(1)
12.6 Operative Temperature	198	(2)
12.7 Applications of the Energy Budget Equation	200	(1)
12.8 The Transient State	201	(1)
12.9 Complexities of Animal Energetics	202	(2)
12.10 Animals and Water	204	(1)
References	205	(1)
Problems	206	(3)
Chapter 13 Humans and their Environment	209	(14)
13.1 Area, Metabolic Rate, and Evaporation	209	(2)
13.2 Survival in Cold Environments	211	(2)
13.3 Wind Chill and Standard Operative Temperature	213	(2)
13.4 Survival in Hot Environments	215	(4)
13.5 The Humid Operative Temperature	219	(1)
13.6 Comfort	220	(2)
References	222	(1)
Problems	222	(1)
Chapter 14 Plants and Plant Communities	223	(24)
14.1 Leaf Temperature	224	(5)
14.2 Aerodynamic Temperature of Plant Canopies	229	(1)
14.3 Radiometric Temperature of Plant Canopies	230	(1)
14.4 Transpiration and the Leaf Energy Budget	231	(2)
14.5 Canopy Transpiration	233	(2)
14.6 Photosynthesis	235	(1)
14.7 Simple Assimilation Models	235	(4)
14.8 Biochemical Models for Assimilation	239	(2)
14.9 Control of Stomatal Conductance	241	(3)
14.10 Optimum Leaf Form	244	(1)
References	245	(1)
Problems	246	(1)
Chapter 15 The Light Environment of Plant Canopies	247	(32)
15.1 Leaf Area Index and Light Transmission Through Canopies	247	(3)
15.2 Detailed Models of Light Interception by Canopies	250	(4)
15.3 Transmission of Diffuse Radiation	254	(1)
15.4 Light Scattering in Canopies	255	(1)
15.5 Reflection of Light by Plant Canopies	255	(2)
15.6 Transmission of Radiation by Sparse Canopies--Soil Reflectance Effects	257	(1)
15.7 Daily Integration	258	(1)
15.8 Calculating the Flux Density of Radiation on Leaves in a Canopy	258	(1)
15.9 Calculating Canopy Assimilation from Leaf Assimilation	259	(5)
15.10 Remote Sensing of Canopy Cover and IPAR	264	(7)
15.11 Remote Sensing and Canopy Temperature	271	(2)
15.12 Canopy Reflectivity (Emissivity) versus Leaf Reflectivity (Emissivity)	273	(1)
15.13 Heterogeneous Canopies	273	(2)
15.14 Indirect Sensing of Canopy Architecture	275	(1)
References	276	(1)
Problems	277	(2)
Appendix	279	(4)
Index	283