An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, 2nd Edition

by Julian E. Andrews; Peter Brimblecombe; Tim D. Jickells; Peter S. Liss; Brian Reid

• ISBN13: 9781444312379
• ISBN10: 1444312375
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2009-04-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

This introductory text explains the fundamentals of the chemistry of the natural environment and the effects of mankind's activities on the earth's chemical systems. Retains an emphasis on describing how natural geochemical processes operate over a variety of scales in time and space, and how the effects of human perturbation can be measured. Topics range from familiar global issues such as atmospheric pollution and its effect on global warming and ozone destruction, to microbiological processes that cause pollution of drinking water deltas. Contains sections and information boxes that explain the basic chemistry underpinning the subject covered. Each chapter contains a list of further reading on the subject area. Updated case studies. No prior chemistry knowledge required. Suitable for introductory level courses.

Table of Contents

List of boxes

Preface To The Second Edition

Preface To The First Edition

Acknowledgements

Symbols And Abbreviations

Introduction:

What Is Environmental Chemistry?

In The Beginning

Origin And Evolution Of The Earth

Formation Of The Crust And Atmosphere

The Hydrosphere

The Origin Of Life And Evolution Of The Atmosphere

Human Effects On Biogeochemical Cycles?

The Structure Of This Book

WWW Keywords

Further Reading

WWW Search Keywords

Environmental Chemist's Toolbox:

About This Chapter

Order In The Elements?

Bonding

Covalent Bonds

Ionic Bonding, Ions And Ionic Solids

Using Chemical Equations

Describing Amounts Of Substances: The Mole

Concentration And Activity

Organic Molecules ” Structure And Chemistry

Functional Groups

Representing Organic Matter In Simple Equations

Radioactivity Of Elements

Finding More Chemical Tools In This Book

Further Reading

WWW Search Keywords

The Atmosphere:

Introduction

Composition Of The Atmosphere

Steady State Or Equilibrium?

Natural Sources

Geochemical Sources

Biological Sources

Reactivity Of Trace Substances In The Atmosphere

The Urban Atmosphere

London Smog - Primary Pollution

Los Angeles Smog - Secondary Pollution

21st Century Particulate Pollution

Air Pollution And Health

Effects Of Air Pollution

Removal Processes

Chemistry Of The Stratosphere

Stratospheric Ozone Formation And Destruction

Ozone Destruction By Halogenated Species

Saving The Ozone Layer

Further Reading

WWW Search Keywords

The Chemistry Of Continental Solids:

The Terrestrial Environment, Crust And Material Cycling

The Structure Of Silicate Minerals

Coordination Of Ions And The Radius Ratio Rule

The Construction Of Silicate Minerals

Structural Organisation In Silicate Minerals

Weathering Processes

Mechanisms Of Chemical Weathering

Dissolution

Oxidation

Acid Hydrolysis

Weathering Of Complex Silicate Minerals

Clay Minerals

One To One Clay Mineral Structure

Two To One Clay Mineral Structure

Formation Of Soils

Parent (Bedrock) Material (P)

Climate (Cl)

Relief (R)

Vegetation (V)

Influence Of Organisms (O)

Wider Controls On Soil And Clay Mineral Formation

Ion Exchange And Soil Ph

Soil Structure And Classification

Soils With Argillic Horizons

Spodosols (Podzols)

Soils With Gley Horizons

Contaminated Land

Organic Contaminants In Soils

Degradation Of Organic Contaminants In Soils

Remediation Of Contaminated Land

Phytoremediation

Further Reading

WWW Search Keywords

The Chemistry Of Continental Waters:

Introduction

Element Chemistry

Water Chemistry And Weathering Regimes

Alkalinity, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon And Ph Buffering

Aluminium Solubility And Acidity

Acidification From Atmospheric Inputs

Acid Mine Drainage

Recognising Acidification From Sulphate Data - Ternary Diagrams

Biological Processes

Nutrients And Eutrophication

Heavy Metal Contamination

Mercury Contamination From Gold Mining

Contamination Of Groundwater

Anthropogenic Contamination Of Groundwater

Natural Arsenic Contamination Of Groundwater

Further Reading

WWW Search Keywords

The Oceans:

Introduction

Estuarine Processes

Aggregation Of Colloidal Material In Estuaries

Mixing Processes In Estuaries

Halmyrolysis And Ion Exchange In Estuaries

Microbiological Activity In Estuaries

Major Ion Chemistry Of Seawater

Chemical Cycling Of Major Ions

Sea-To-Air Fluxes

Evaporites

Cation Exchange

Calcium Carbonate Formation

Opaline Silica

Sulphides

Hydrothermal Processes

The Potassium Problem: Balancing The Seawater Major Ion Budget

Minor Chemical Components In Seawater

Dissolved Gases

Dissolved Ions

Conservative Behaviour

Nutrient-Like Behaviour

Scavenged Behaviour

The Role Of Iron As A Nutrient In The Oceans

Ocean Circulation And Its Effects On Trace Element Distribution

Anthropogenic Effects On Ocean Chemistry

Human Effects On Regional Seas 1: The Baltic

Human Effects On Regional Seas 2: The Gulf Of Mexico

Human Effects On Total Ocean Minor Element Budgets?

Further Reading

WWW Search Keywords

Global Change:

Why Study Global-Scale Environmental Chemistry?

The Carbon Cycle

The Atmospheric Record

Natural And Anthropogenic Sources And Sinks

The Global Budget Of Natural And Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide

The Effects Of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Levels On Global Temperature And Other Properties

The Sulphur Cycle

The Global Sulphur Cycle And Anthropogenic Effects

The Sulphur Cycle And Atmospheric Acidity

The Sulphur Cycle And Climate

Persistent Organic Pollutants (Pops)

POP Mobility In The Atmosphere

Global POP Equilibrium

Further Reading

WWW Search Keywords

Index

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