Introduction to Environmental Engineering

by Vesilind, P. Aarne; Morgan, Susan M.

• ISBN13: 9780534378127
• ISBN10: 0534378129
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-04-23
• Publisher: CL Engineering

Summary

This text has two unifying themes: materials balances and environmental ethics. First, the book demonstrates that environmental problems need to be solved using a holistic approach instead of a fragmented, single-pollution or single-medium approach. By using the concepts of materials balances, reactions, and reactors, the authors integrate and unify the presentation of water supply, waste-water treatment, air pollution control, and solid and hazardous waste management. Second, since ethics plays an increasingly important part in the professional lives of engineers, the authors incorporate ethical decision making into the discussions and problems. In many of the problems, students are required not only to solve the technical part, but also to consider the ethical ramifications of solving the technical problems.

Table of Contents

PART ONE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING	1	(20)
Identifying and Solving Environmental Problems	3	(18)
The Holy Cross College Hepatitis Outbreak	3	(2)
The Disposal of Wastewater Sludge	5	(3)
The Donora Episode	8	(4)
Jersey City Chromium	12	(2)
The Discovery of Biological Wastewater Treatment	14	(3)
The Garbage Barge	17	(4)
End Notes	19	(2)
PART TWO FUNDAMENTALS	21	(140)
Engineering Calculations	23	(22)
Engineering Dimensions and Units	23	(5)
Density	23	(1)
Concentration	24	(2)
Flow Rate	26	(2)
Residence Time	28	(1)
Approximations in Engineering Calculations	28	(4)
Procedures for Calculations with Approximations	29	(1)
Use of Significant Figures	30	(2)
Information Analysis	32	(13)
Symbols	40	(1)
Problems	41	(3)
End Notes	44	(1)
Material Balances and Separations	45	(39)
Material Balances with a Single Material	45	(11)
Splitting Single-Material Flow Streams	46	(1)
Combining Single-Material Flow Streams	47	(1)
Complex Processes with a Single Material	48	(8)
Material Balances with Multiple Materials	56	(16)
Mixing Multiple-Material Flow Streams	56	(5)
Separating Multiple-Material Flow Streams	61	(6)
Complex Processes with Multiple Materials	67	(5)
Material Balances with Reactors	72	(12)
Symbols	75	(1)
Problems	76	(7)
End Notes	83	(1)
Reactions	84	(11)
Zero-Order Reactions	85	(2)
First-Order Reactions	87	(4)
Second-Order and Noninteger-Order Reactions	91	(1)
Half-Life and Doubling Time	92	(1)
Consecutive Reactions	92	(3)
Symbols	93	(1)
Problems	93	(1)
End Notes	94	(1)
Reactors	95	(22)
Mixing Model	95	(11)
Mixed-Batch Reactors	96	(1)
Plug-Flow Reactors	96	(2)
Completely Mixed-Flow Reactors	98	(2)
Completely Mixed-Flow Reactors in Series	100	(5)
Mixing Models with Continuous Signals	105	(1)
Arbitrary-Flow Reactors	105	(1)
Reactor Models	106	(11)
Mixed-Batch Reactors	106	(2)
Plug-Flow Reactors	108	(2)
Completely Mixed-Flow Reactors	110	(2)
Completely Mixed-Flow Reactors in Series	112	(1)
Comparison of Reactor Performance	113	(1)
Symbols	114	(1)
Problems	114	(3)
Energy Flows and Balances	117	(17)
Units of Measure	117	(1)
Energy Balances and Conversion	118	(4)
Energy Sources and Availability	122	(12)
Energy Equivalence	123	(2)
Electric Power Production	125	(4)
Symbols	129	(1)
Problems	130	(4)
Ecosystems	134	(27)
Energy and Material Flows in Ecosystems	134	(7)
Human Influence on Ecosystems	141	(20)
Effect of Pesticides on an Ecosystem	142	(1)
Effect of Nutrients on a Lake Ecosystem	143	(2)
Effect of Organic Wastes on a Stream Ecosystem	145	(9)
Effect of Design on an Ecosystem	154	(1)
Symbols	154	(1)
Problems	155	(3)
End Notes	158	(3)
PART THREE APPLICATIONS	161	(314)
Water Quality	163	(33)
Measures of Water Quality	163	(23)
Dissolved Oxygen	164	(1)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand	165	(11)
Solids	176	(2)
Nitrogen	178	(2)
Bacteriological Measurements	180	(6)
Assessing Water Quality	186	(2)
Water Quality Standards	188	(8)
Drinking Water Standards	188	(1)
Effluent Standards	189	(1)
Surface Water Quality Standards	189	(2)
Symbols	191	(1)
Problems	192	(3)
End Notes	195	(1)
Water Supply and Treatment	196	(45)
The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Availability	196	(11)
Groundwater Supplies	197	(6)
Surface Water Supplies	203	(4)
Water Treatment	207	(28)
Softening	207	(14)
Coagulation and Flocculation	221	(3)
Settling	224	(6)
Filtration	230	(2)
Disinfection	232	(2)
Other Treatment Processes	234	(1)
Distribution of Water	235	(6)
Symbols	236	(1)
Problems	237	(3)
End Notes	240	(1)
Wastewater Treatment	241	(60)
Wastewater Transport	241	(4)
Preliminary and Primary Treatment	245	(5)
Preliminary Treatment	245	(1)
Primary Treatment	246	(4)
Secondary Treatment	250	(25)
Fixed Film Reactors	251	(1)
Suspended Growth Reactors	252	(2)
Design of Activated Sludge Systems Using Biological Process Dynamics	254	(10)
Gas Transfer	264	(7)
Solids Separation	271	(2)
Effluent	273	(2)
Tertiary Treatment	275	(4)
Nutrient Removal	275	(1)
Further Solids and Organic Removal	276	(2)
Wetlands	278	(1)
Sludge Treatment and Disposal	279	(14)
Sludge Stabilization	282	(2)
Sludge Dewatering	284	(7)
Ultimate Disposal	291	(2)
Selection of Treatment Strategies	293	(8)
Symbols	294	(1)
Problems	295	(5)
End Notes	300	(1)
Air Quality	301	(38)
Meteorology and Air Movement	302	(4)
Major Air Pollutants	306	(7)
Particulates	306	(1)
Measurement of Particulates	307	(2)
Gaseous Pollutants	309	(1)
Measurement of Gases	309	(3)
measurement of Smoke	312	(1)
Visibility	312	(1)
Sources and Effects of Air Pollution	313	(19)
Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides and Acid Rain	318	(1)
Photochemical Smog	319	(1)
Ozone Depletion	320	(3)
Global Warming	323	(5)
Other Sources of Air Pollutants	328	(1)
Indoor Air	328	(4)
Air Quality Standards	332	(7)
Air Quality Legislation in the United States	332	(1)
Emission and Ambient Air Quality Standards	333	(2)
Symbols	335	(1)
Problems	335	(3)
End Notes	338	(1)
Air Quality Control	339	(23)
Treatment of Emissions	339	(9)
Control of Particulates	341	(3)
Control of Gaseous Pollutants	344	(1)
Control of Sulfur Oxides	345	(3)
Dispersion of Air Pollutants	348	(5)
Control of Moving Sources	353	(9)
Symbols	357	(1)
Problems	358	(3)
End Notes	361	(1)
Solid Waste	362	(28)
Collection of Refuse	362	(4)
Generation of Refuse	366	(2)
Reuse and Recycling of Materials from Refuse	368	(5)
Processing of Refuse	369	(2)
Markets for Processed Refuse	371	(2)
Combustion of Refuse	373	(3)
Ultimate Disposal of Refuse: Sanitary Landfills	376	(4)
Reducing the Generation of Refuse: Source Reduction	380	(3)
Why?	381	(1)
Life Cycle Analysis	381	(2)
Integrated Solid Waste Management	383	(7)
Symbols	384	(1)
Problems	384	(5)
End Notes	389	(1)
Hazardous Waste	390	(26)
Defining Hazardous Waste	390	(5)
Hazardous Waste Management	395	(5)
Clean-up of Old Sites	395	(3)
Treatment of Hazardous Waste	398	(2)
Disposal of Hazardous Waste	400	(1)
Radioactive Waste Management	400	(6)
Ionizing Radiation	401	(2)
Risks Associated with Ionizing Radiation	403	(2)
Treatment and Disposal of Radioactive Waste	405	(1)
Pollution Prevention	406	(4)
Hazardous Waste Management and Future Generations	410	(6)
Symbols	412	(1)
Problems	412	(3)
End Notes	415	(1)
Noise Pollution	416	(17)
Sound	416	(6)
Measurement of Sound	422	(2)
Effect of Noise on Human Health	424	(1)
Noise Abatement	425	(2)
Noise Control	427	(6)
Protect the Recipient	427	(1)
Reduce Source Noise	427	(1)
Control Path of Noise	427	(3)
Symbols	430	(1)
Problems	430	(2)
End Notes	432	(1)
Engineering Decisions	433	(42)
Decisions Based on Technical Analyses	433	(2)
Decisions Based on Cost-Effectiveness Analyses	435	(4)
Decisions Based on Benefit/Cost Analyses	439	(3)
Decisions Based on Risk Analyses	442	(8)
Environmental Risk Analysis Procedure	446	(3)
Environmental Risk Management	449	(1)
Decisions Based on Environmental Impact Analyses	450	(7)
Inventory	451	(1)
Assessment	451	(6)
Evaluation	457	(1)
Decisions Based on Ethical Analyses	457	(10)
Utilitarianism and Deontological Theories	458	(2)
Environmental Ethics and Instrumental Value	460	(1)
Environmental Ethics and Intrinsic Value	461	(5)
Environmental Ethics and Spirituality	466	(1)
Concluding Remarks	466	(1)
Continuity in Engineering Decisions	467	(8)
Problems	467	(6)
End Notes	473	(2)
Index	475