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Introduction to Epidemiology

by Merrill, Ray M.

ISBN13: 9780763735821
ISBN10: 0763735825
Additional ISBN(s): 9780763700607, 9780763766221
Edition: 4th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 2006-01-27
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett
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1. Introduction to Epidemiology > ISBN13: 9780763735821

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Summary

New 5th Edition Available Summer 2009! Introduction to Epidemiology, Fourth Edition is the ideal introductory text For The epidemiology student with minimal training in the biomedical sciences and statistics. With greater emphasis on acute and chronic noninfectious diseases than ever before, The new edition captures the evolution of the discipline, featuring: Descriptive and analytic research designs used in epidemiology. New case studies and news files representing applications of commonly used research designs. Learning objectives, As well as study questions with descriptive answers, In each chapter. Detailed tables and figures that summarize and clarify important concepts and information. In addition to students of epidemiology, this text is a valuable reference for epidemiologists working in the field, industrial hygienists, infectious disease nurses, and staff epidemiologists. The book also features h elpful instructor resources, including an Instructor's Manual, Testbank and PowerPoints TM .

About the Authors

Preface

Preface to the Fourth Edition

xiii

Foreword

Foundations of Epidemiology

(22)

Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Activities in Epidemiology

(1)

Role of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice

(1)

Epidemics, Endemics, and Pandemics

(2)

Case Concepts in Epidemiology

(1)

The Epidemiology Triangle

(2)

Some Disease Transmission Concepts

(1)

Modes of Disease Transmission

(1)

Chain of Infection

(2)

Advanced Triangle of Epidemiology

(1)

Levels of Prevention

(4)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

References

(3)

Historic Developments in Epidemiology

(22)

Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Hippocrates, the First Epidemiologist

(1)

Disease Observations of Sydenham

(1)

The Epidemiology of Scurvy

(1)

Cowpox and Its Epidemiologic Connection to Smallpox

(1)

Epidemiology of Childbed Fever in a Lying-in Hospital

(1)

John Snow's Investigation of Cholera in London

(2)

Contribution of Pasteur and Koch to Epidemiology

(2)

The Microscope and Its Contribution to Epidemiology

(1)

John Graunt and Vital Statistics

(1)

Ramazzini: Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene

(1)

Typhoid Mary

(1)

Vitamins and the Cure of Nutritional Diseases

(1)

Beginning of Epidemiology in the United States

(2)

Historical Development of Morbidity in Epidemiology

(1)

Framingham Heart Study

(1)

Cigarette Smoking and Cancer

(1)

Exercises

(1)

References

(3)

Practical Disease Concepts in Epidemiology

(34)

Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Fundamentals of Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases and Conditions

(1)

Natural History of Disease

(2)

Classifying Diseases

(4)

Portals of Entry to the Human Body

(1)

Incubation Periods for Selected Infectious Diseases

(1)

Later Stages of Infection

(3)

Zoonoses

(1)

International Classification of Diseases

(1)

Notifiable Diseases in the United States

(1)

Protecting Public Health through Immunization

(3)

Herd Immunity

(1)

Communicable Disease Prevention and Control

(3)

Host-Related Control and Prevention

(1)

Infection Control and Prevention Measures

(1)

Changing Emphasis in Epidemiologic Studies

(2)

Nutritional Deficiency Diseases and Disorders

(3)

Chronic Diseases and Conditions

(3)

Health Goals in the United States for the Year 2010

(1)

Exercises

(1)

References

(2)

Design Strategies and Statistical Methods in Descriptive Epidemiology

(30)

Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Descriptive Study Designs

(4)

Types of Data

(1)

Ratios, Proportions, and Rates

(7)

Tables, Graphs, and Numerical Measures

(7)

Measures of Statistical Association

(4)

Exercises

103

(3)

References

106

(3)

Descriptive Epidemiology According to Person, Place, and Time

109

(32)

Objectives

109

(1)

Introduction

110

(1)

Person

110

(14)

Place

124

(1)

Time Trends

125

(9)

Evaluation

134

(1)

Causal Insights

135

(2)

Exercises

137

(1)

References

138

(3)

General Health and Population Indicators

141

(24)

Objectives

141

(1)

Introduction

142

(1)

Birth

142

(1)

Mortality

143

(4)

Types of Mortality Rates

147

(1)

Infant Mortality

148

(6)

Abortion Rate

154

(1)

Maternal Mortality Rates

155

(1)

Proportional Mortality Ratio

156

(1)

Case Fatality Rate

156

(1)

Years of Potential Life Lost

157

(3)

Exercises

160

(3)

References

163

(2)

Design Strategies and Statistical Methods in Analytic Epidemiology

165

(20)

Objectives

165

(1)

Introduction

166

(1)

Observational Epidemiologic Studies

166

(1)

Case-Control Study Design

166

(3)

Statistical Measures of Association

169

(2)

Bias in Case-Control Studies

171

(2)

Controlling for Bias in Case-Control Studies

173

(1)

Strengths and Weaknesses of Case-Control Studies

174

(1)

Cohort Studies

174

(4)

Double-Cohort Studies

178

(1)

Selecting the Study Cohort

178

(1)

Bias in Cohort Studies

179

(2)

Controlling for Bias in Cohort Studies

181

(1)

Strengths and Weaknesses of Cohort Studies

181

(1)

Effect Modification

181

(2)

Exercises

183

(1)

References

184

(1)

Experimental Studies in Epidemiology

185

(14)

Objectives

185

(1)

Introduction

186

(1)

Randomization

187

(1)

Blinding

187

(1)

Nonrandomization

188

(1)

Designing a Randomized Controlled Trial

189

(3)

Selected Special Types of Randomized Study Design

192

(2)

Strengths and Weaknesses of Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trials

194

(1)

Ethics in Experimental Research

195

(2)

Exercises

197

(1)

References

197

(2)

Statistical and Causal Associations

199

(20)

Objectives

199

(1)

Introduction

200

(1)

Causal Associations

200

(3)

Hypothesis Development and Testing

203

(4)

Role of Bias

207

(1)

Role of Confounding

207

(1)

Factors in Causation of Disease

207

(1)

Web of Causation

208

(2)

Screening and Disease Detection

210

(4)

Sensitivity and Specificity

214

(2)

Exercises

216

(2)

References

218

(1)

Field Epidemiology

219

(14)

Objectives

219

(1)

Introduction

220

(1)

Conducting a Field Investigation

220

(6)

Steps in Working Up a Food-borne Illness Investigation

226

(2)

Basic Epidemiologic Questions

228

(2)

Exercises

230

(1)

References

231

(2)

Chronic Disease Epidemiology

233

(24)

Objectives

233

(1)

Introduction

234

(1)

Chronic Disease Epidemiology

234

(2)

Risk Factors

236

(2)

Noninfectious Diseases and Conditions: Webs of Causation

238

(5)

Descriptive Examples of Noninfectious Diseases and Conditions in the United States

243

(5)

Prevention and Control

248

(4)

Priorities in Disease Prevention and Control

252

(1)

Health Belief Model in Epidemiology

252

(1)

Exercises

253

(1)

References

254

(3)

Appendix I Case Studies

257

(72)

Case Study I Snow on Cholera

259

(24)

Observations on Cholera

259

(4)

Case Study Questions

263

(1)

Cholera and the Broad Street Outbreak

264

(6)

Case Study Questions

270

(1)

Cholera Epidemic of 1853 and Two London Water Companies

271

(4)

Case Study Questions

275

(1)

Epidemiological Issues

275

(5)

Case Study Questions

280

(3)

Case Study II Working through a Food-borne Illness Epidemic Investigation: Typhoid Fever in Schenectady

283

(8)

Case of Typhoid Fever in Schenectady, New York

284

(1)

Case Study Questions

284

(7)

Case Study III Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School

291

(8)

Case of Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School

291

(5)

Case Study Questions

296

(3)

Case Study IV Retrospective Analysis of Occupation and Alcohol-Related Mortality

299

(4)

Case of Occupation and Alcohol-Related Causes of Death, California

299

(2)

Case Study Questions

301

(2)

Case Study V Retrospective Cohort Study of the Association of Congenital Malformations and Hazardous Waste

303

(8)

Case on Congenital Malformations Associated with Proximity to Hazardous Waste Sites

304

(3)

Case Study Questions

307

(4)

Case Study VI History and Epidemiology of Polio Epidemics

311

(18)

Brief Review of Poliomyelitis as It Is Known Today

312

(1)

Case Study Questions

312

(1)

First Polio Epidemics Studied and Reported: Sweden

313

(6)

Case Study Questions

319

(1)

First Major Epidemic of Poliomyelitis in America: Rutland, Vermont

320

(1)

Case Study Questions

321

(1)

Simon Flexner, MD, and Wade Hamilton Frost, MD: American Epidemiologists Who Investigated Poliomyelitis

321

(3)

Case Study Questions

324

(1)

Poliomyelitis Epidemic in Los Angeles, 1934

325

(1)

Case Study Questions

326

(1)

Epilogue

326

(1)

References

327

(2)

Appendix II Answers to Select Chapter Questions

329

(10)

Appendix III Epidemiologic Associations and Societies

339

(3)

Index

342

Supplemental Materials

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Introduction to Epidemiology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Rewards Program