Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 6th Edition

by Robert W. Fox (Purdue Univ.); Alan T. McDonald (Purdue Univ.); Philip J. Pritchard (Manhattan College)

• ISBN13: 9780471202318
• ISBN10: 0471202312
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Fox & McDonald provide a balanced and comprehensive approach to fluid mechanics that arms readers with proven problem-solving methodology! The authors show how to develop an orderly plan to solve problems: starting from basic equations, then clearly stating assumptions, and finally, relating results to expected physical behavior. This new edition simplifies many of the steps involved in analysis by using the computer application Excel. Over 100 detailed example problems illustrate important fluid mechanics concepts: Approximately 1300 end-of-chapter problems are arranged by difficulty level and include many problems that are designed to be solved using Excel. The CD for the book includes: A Brief Review of Microsoft Excel and numerous Excel files for the example problems and for use in solving problems. The new edition includes an expanded discussion of pipe networks, and a new section on oblique shocks and expansion waves.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(16)
Note to Students	1	(2)
Definition of a Fluid	3	(1)
Scope of Fluid Mechanics	4	(1)
Basic Equations	4	(1)
Methods of Analysis	5	(5)
System and Control Volume	5	(3)
Differential versus Integral Approach	8	(1)
Methods of Description	8	(2)
Dimensions and Units	10	(3)
Systems of Dimensions	11	(1)
Systems of Units	11	(2)
Preferred Systems of Units	13	(1)
Summary	13	(4)
Problems	13	(4)
Fundamental Concepts	17	(35)
Fluid as a Continuum	17	(2)
Velocity Field	19	(5)
One-, Two-, and Three- Dimensional Flows	20	(1)
Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines	21	(3)
Stress Field	24	(2)
Viscosity	26	(6)
Newtonian Fluid	28	(2)
Non-Newtonian Fluids	30	(2)
Surface Tension	32	(3)
Description and Classification of Fluid Motion	35	(7)
Viscous and Inviscid Flows	35	(3)
Laminar and Turbulent Flows	38	(1)
Compressible and Incompressible Flows	39	(1)
Internal and External Flows	40	(2)
Summary	42	(10)
References	42	(1)
Problems	42	(10)
Fluid Statics	52	(47)
The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics	52	(4)
The Standard Atmosphere	56	(1)
Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid	57	(9)
Incompressible Liquids: Manometers	57	(6)
Gases	63	(3)
Hydraulic Systems	66	(1)
Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces	66	(12)
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface	66	(8)
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface	74	(4)
Buoyancy and Stability	78
Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion (CD-ROM)	1	(81)
Summary	82	(17)
References	82	(1)
Problems	83	(16)
Basic Equations in Integral Form for a Control Volume	99	(85)
Basic Laws for a System	99	(2)
Conservation of Mass	99	(1)
Newton's Second Law	100	(1)
The Angular-Momentum Principle	100	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	100	(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	101	(1)
Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation	101	(4)
Derivation	102	(2)
Physical Interpretation	104	(1)
Conservation of Mass	105	(7)
Special Cases	106	(6)
Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume	112	(19)
Differential Control Volume Analysis	124	(5)
Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity	129	(2)
Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration	131
Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration (CD-ROM)	7	(132)
The Angular-Momentum Principle	139	(5)
Equation for Fixed Control Volume	139
Equation for Rotating Control Volume (CD-ROM)	13	(131)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	144	(7)
Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume	144	(2)
Control Volume Equation	146	(5)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	151	(1)
Summary	152	(32)
Problems	152	(32)
Introduction to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion	184	(48)
Conservation of Mass	184	(9)
Rectangular Coordinate System	184	(5)
Cylindrical Coordinate System	189	(4)
Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow	193	(4)
Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)	197	(14)
Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field	197	(6)
Fluid Rotation	203	(4)
Fluid Deformation	207	(4)
Momentum Equation	211	(11)
Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle	212	(1)
Differential Momentum Equation	213	(1)
Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stokes Equations	213	(9)
Summary	222	(10)
References	223	(1)
Problems	223	(9)
Incompressible Inviscid Flow	232	(41)
Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler's Equation	232	(1)
Euler's Equations in Streamline Coordinates	233	(4)
Bernoulli Equation--Integration of Euler's Equation along a Streamline for Steady Flow	237	(12)
Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates	237	(1)
Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates	238	(1)
Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures	239	(4)
Applications	243	(5)
Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation	248	(1)
The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation	249	(5)
Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line	254
Unsteady Bernoulli Equation -- Integration of Euler's Equation along a Streamline (CD-ROM)	18	(2)
Irrotational Flow (CD-ROM)	20	(236)
Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow (CD-ROM)	21	(1)
Velocity Potential (CD-ROM)	22	(1)
Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace's Equation (CD-ROM)	23	(2)
Elementary Plane Flows (CD-ROM)	25	(3)
Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows (CD-ROM)	28	(228)
Summary	256	(17)
References	257	(1)
Problems	257	(16)
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude	273	(37)
Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations	273	(2)
Nature of Dimensional Analysis	275	(2)
Buckingham Pi Theorem	277	(1)
Determining the Pi Groups	278	(6)
Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics	284	(2)
Flow Similarity and Model Studies	286	(24)
Incomplete Similarity	289	(6)
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters	295	(3)
Comments on Model Testing	298	(1)
Summary	299	(1)
References	300	(1)
Problems	301	(9)
Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow	310	(99)
Introduction	310	(2)
Fully Developed Laminar Flow	312	(1)
Fully Developed Laminar Flow between Infinite Parallel Plates	312	(12)
Both Plates Stationary	312	(6)
Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U	318	(6)
Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe	324	(5)
Flow in Pipes and Ducts	328	(1)
Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow	329	(1)
Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow	330	(4)
Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow	334	(2)
Kinetic Energy coefficient	335	(1)
Head Loss	335	(1)
Calculation of Head Loss	336	(13)
Major Loss: Friction Factor	336	(5)
Minor Losses	341	(6)
Pumps, Fans, and Blowers in Fluid Systems	347	(1)
Noncircular Ducts	348	(1)
Solution of Pipe Flow Problems	349	(20)
Single-Path Systems	350	(14)
Multiple-Path Systems	364	(5)
Flow Measurement	369	(1)
Direct Methods	369	(1)
Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows	370	(10)
The Orifice Plate	373	(1)
The Flow Nozzle	374	(2)
The Venturi	376	(1)
The Laminar Flow Element	376	(4)
Linear flow Meters	380	(2)
Traversing Methods	382	(1)
Summary	383	(26)
References	383	(2)
Problems	385	(24)
External Incompressible Viscous Flow	409	(78)
Boundary Layers	410	(1)
The Boundary-Layer Concept	410	(2)
Boundary-Layer Thicknesses	412
Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution (CD-ROM)	39	(376)
Momentum Integral Equation	415	(6)
Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient	421	(9)
Laminar Flow	422	(4)
Turbulent Flow	426	(4)
Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow	430	(3)
Fluid Flow About Immersed Bodies	433	(1)
Drag	433	(14)
Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: Friction Drag	434	(3)
Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow: Pressure Drag	437	(1)
Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder: Friction and Pressure Drag	438	(7)
Streamlining	445	(2)
Lift	447	(17)
Summary	464	(23)
References	465	(1)
Problems	466	(21)
Fluid Machinery	487	(102)
Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines	487	(3)
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid	488	(1)
Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid	489	(1)
Scope of Coverage	490	(1)
Turbomachinery Analysis	491	(11)
The Angular-Momentum Principle	491	(1)
Euler Turbomachine Equation	491	(2)
Velocity Diagrams	493	(8)
Hydraulic Power	501	(1)
Performance Characteristics	502	(26)
Performance Parameters	503	(11)
Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed	514	(5)
Similarity Rules	519	(5)
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head	524	(4)
Applications to Fluid Systems	528	(43)
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid	529	(32)
Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid	561	(10)
Summary	571	(18)
References	572	(2)
Problems	574	(15)
Introduction to Compressible Flow	589	(28)
Review of Thermodynamics	589	(7)
Propagation of Sound Waves	596	(6)
Speed of Sound	596	(4)
Types of Flow -- The Mach Cone	600	(2)
Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties	602	(8)
Local Isentopic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas	603	(7)
Critical Conditions	610	(1)
Summary	611	(6)
References	611	(1)
Problems	611	(6)
Compressible Flow	617	(99)
Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow	617	(4)
Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas -- Area Variation	621	(22)
Subsonic Flow, M < 1	623	(1)
Supersonic Flow, M > 1	623	(1)
Sonic Flow, M = 1	624	(1)
Reference Stagnation and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas	625	(6)
Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle	631	(6)
Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle	637	(6)
Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction	643	(14)
Basic Equations for Adiabatic Flow	644	(1)
Adiabatic Flow: The Fanno Line	645	(4)
Fanno-Line Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas	649
Isothermal Flow (CD-ROM)	44	(613)
Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange	657	(12)
Basic Equations for Flow with Heat Exchange	658	(1)
The Rayleigh Line	659	(5)
Rayleigh-Line Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas	664	(5)
Normal Shocks	669	(9)
Basic Equations for a Normal Shock	670	(2)
Normal Shock Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas	672	(6)
Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks	678	(2)
Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle	678
Supersonic Diffuser (CD-ROM)	46	(2)
Supersonic Wind Tunnel Operation (CD-ROM)	48	(1)
Supersonic Flow with Friction in a Constant-Area Channel (CD-ROM)	49	(1)
Supersonic Flow with Heat Addition in a Constant-Area Channel (CD-ROM)	49	(631)
Oblique Shocks and Expansion Waves	680	(19)
Oblique Shocks	680	(10)
Isentropic Expansion Waves	690	(9)
Summary	699	(17)
References	699	(1)
Problems	700	(16)
Appendix A Fluid Property Data	716	(14)
Appendix B Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates	730	(1)
Appendix C Videos for Fluid Mechanics	731	(2)
Appendix D Selected Performance Curves for Pumps and Fans	733	(11)
Appendix E Flow Functions for Computation of Compressible Flow	744	(11)
Appendix F Analysis of Experimental Uncertainty	755	(7)
Appendix G Si Units, Prefixes, and Conversion Factors	762
Appendix H A Brief Review of Microsoft Excel (CD-ROM)	53	(712)
Answers to Selected Problems	765	(14)
Index	779