Introduction to the Foundations of American Education

by Johnson, James A.

• ISBN13: 9780205306831
• ISBN10: 0205306837
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-08-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
part I PROFESSIONAL ASPECTS OF TEACHING	1	(67)
Viewing Education Through Professional Lenses	1	(1)
Teaching As a Career	2	(38)
An Important Profession	4	(2)
The Importance of Teachers in Our Society	4	(2)
How the Public Views Our Schools	6	(1)
A Look at American Teachers	6	(3)
Profile of Public School Teachers	7	(2)
Global Perspectives: Teaching in the United States versus in Other Countries	9	(3)
Teachers and Teaching	10	(2)
Relevant Research: Teacher Behavior and Student Achievement	12	(1)
Recent Changes in the Teaching Profession	13	(4)
The Improving Status of American Teachers	13	(1)
Better Working Conditions for Teachers	14	(3)
The Study and Practice of Teaching	17	(5)
Learning about Teaching through Systematic Observation and Journaling	17	(2)
Learning about Teaching through Analysis and Reflection	19	(1)
Developing Folios and Portfolios	20	(2)
Professional Organizations for Educators	22	(6)
Teacher Unions	23	(5)
Case Study: The Act Academy	28	(4)
Professional Dilemma: Are Teachers Professional If They Strike?	32	(2)
Specialty Associations	33	(1)
Global Perspectives: Education International (EI)	34	(1)
Summary and Implications	34	(1)
Discussion Questions	35	(1)
Portfolio Development	35	(1)
School-Based Experiences	36	(1)
Web Sites	36	(1)
Notes	37	(1)
Bibliography	37	(3)
Appendix 1.1: Professional Education Associations	38	(2)
Employment Opportunities for Teachers	40	(28)
Factors Affecting Supply and Demand	42	(6)
Teacher Supply	42	(1)
Teacher Demand	43	(3)
The Increasing Demand for Teachers	46	(2)
Global Perspectives: Jobs and Mobility in the European Union	48	(2)
Teacher Salaries and Fringe Benefits	50	(2)
Improving Salaries	50	(2)
Professional Dilemma: Will You Be Able to Pay Your Bills on a Teacher's Salary?	52	(2)
Fringe Benefits and Moonlighting	52	(2)
Getting Certified and Employed	54	(1)
Certification Requirements	54	(1)
Relevant Research: Do Low Salaries Really Draw the Least Able into the Teaching Profession?	55	(3)
Searching for a Teaching Job	56	(2)
Case Study: Maximizing Job Prospects	58	(1)
Summary and Implications	59	(1)
Discussion Questions	60	(1)
Journal Entries	60	(1)
Portfolio Development	60	(1)
School-Based Experiences	60	(1)
Web Sites	60	(1)
Bibliography	61	(7)
Appendix 2.1: U.S. State Teacher Certification and Licensing Offices	62	(4)
Appendix 2.2: Job Search Timetable and Checklist	66	(2)
part II SCHOOL AND SOCIETY	68	(106)
Viewing Education Through Sociological Lenses	69	(2)
Diversity in Society	71	(33)
Culture and Society	72	(2)
Characteristics of Culture	73	(1)
Dominant or Mainstream Culture	73	(1)
Microcultures	74	(1)
Diversity and Education	74	(4)
Assimilation	75	(1)
Cultural Pluralism	76	(1)
Cultural Choice	77	(1)
Microcultural Groups	78	(5)
Socioeconomic Status	78	(3)
Ethnicity and Race	81	(2)
Case Study: Interracial Dating	83	(1)
Global Perspectives: Immigration in Europe	84	(4)
Gender	85	(3)
Professional Dilemma: What If There Are Only a Few Girls in the Calculus Class?	88	(8)
Language	89	(1)
Exceptionalities	90	(2)
Religion	92	(1)
Geography	93	(3)
Cultural Identity	96	(1)
Intragroup Differences	96	(1)
Relevant Research: Development of Racial and Gender Identity	97	(1)
Biculturalism	97	(1)
Summary and Implications	98	(1)
Discussion Questions	99	(1)
Journal Entries	99	(1)
Portfolio Development	99	(1)
School-Based Experiences	100	(1)
Web Sites	100	(1)
Notes	100	(3)
Bibliography	103	(1)
School and Society	104	(40)
Groups in Society	106	(3)
Power and Domination	106	(3)
Relevant Research: Conflict of Liberal Discourse and Self-Interest	109	(3)
Ethnocentrism	109	(1)
Prejudice and Discrimination	110	(2)
Today's Families	112	(2)
Professional Dilemma: What If He Has Two Mommies?	114	(2)
Parenting	114	(1)
Latchkey Children	114	(1)
Homeless Students	115	(1)
Abuse	116	(1)
Today's Youth	116	(2)
What Is This Generation?	117	(1)
Case Study: Low-Income and Gifted	118	(8)
Realities of Youth Culture	119	(7)
Democracy and Schooling	126	(10)
Equality and Education	127	(1)
Roles of Schools	128	(2)
Purposes of Schools	130	(4)
Whose Schools?	134	(2)
Global Perspectives: Universal Values	136	(1)
Democratic Schools	136	(1)
Summary and Implications	137	(2)
Discussion Questions	139	(1)
Journal Entries	139	(1)
Portfolio Development	139	(1)
School-Based Experiences	139	(1)
Web Sites	140	(1)
Notes	140	(3)
Bibliography	143	(1)
Education That Is Multicultural	144	(30)
Undergirding Tenets	146	(3)
Diversity	147	(1)
Social Justice and Equality	148	(1)
Global Perspectives: Antiracist and Multicultural Education	149	(1)
Culture of the School	150	(2)
Formal Practices	150	(1)
Traditions	150	(1)
Hidden Curriculum	151	(1)
Educational Challenges	152	(1)
Diverse Approaches to Teaching and Learning	152	(1)
Relevant Research: The Role of Schools in Students' Construction of Ethnic Identity	153	(4)
Inclusion in Regular Classrooms	155	(2)
Case Study: Science Success for LEP Students	157	(3)
Student Voices	157	(3)
Professional Dilemma: What Is the Best Way to Teach LEP Students?	160	(7)
Multicultural Curriculum	161	(2)
Instructional Resources	163	(1)
Equitable Practices	164	(3)
The Role of the Teacher	167	(2)
Thinking Critically	167	(1)
Involvement with Communities and Parents	168	(1)
Summary and Implications	169	(1)
Discussion Questions	170	(1)
Journal Entries	170	(1)
Portfolio Development	170	(1)
School-Based Experiences	170	(1)
Web Sites	171	(1)
Notes	171	(2)
Bibliography	173	(1)
part III GOVERNANCE AND SUPPORT OF AMERICAN EDUCATION	174	(98)
Viewing Education Through Organizational lenses	175	(1)
Structure and Finance of American Education	176	(50)
The Structure of the American Education System	178	(7)
The Organization of Schools	179	(3)
Organization of the School District	182	(3)
Case Study: Employing a Retired Military Officer As School District Superintendent	185	(17)
Organization of Education at the State Level	188	(2)
The Federal Government's Role in Education	190	(3)
Other Types of Education Agencies	193	(1)
Alternatives to Regular Public Schools	194	(3)
Issues Related to Organization and Structure	197	(5)
Professional Dilemma: What is the Appropriate Role for Teachers When the Politics Get Rough?	202	(1)
The Financing of Education	202	(7)
A System of Taxation and Support for Schools	203	(6)
Relevant Research: Reform of School Finance in Michigan	209	(7)
Education Spending	210	(3)
School Finance Issues for the Millennium	213	(3)
Global Perspectives: International Comparisons in Spending for Schools	216	(3)
Summary and Implications	219	(1)
Discussion Questions	219	(1)
Journal Entries	219	(1)
Portfolio Development	220	(1)
School-Based Experiences	220	(1)
Web Sites	221	(1)
Notes	221	(1)
Bibliography	222	(4)
Appendix 6.1: A National Network of Regional Educational Libraries	223	(3)
Legal Foundations of Education	226	(46)
Legal Aspects of Education	228	(16)
Legal Provisions for Education: The U. S. Constitution	228	(3)
Church and State	231	(4)
Religious Activities in Public Schools	235	(1)
Segregation and Desegregation	235	(6)
Equal Opportunity	241	(3)
Professional Dilemma: What Will You Do If a Child in Your Classroom Has AIDS?	244	(1)
Teachers' Rights and Responsibilities	244	(11)
Conditions of Employment	246	(2)
Teacher Tenure	248	(2)
Academic Freedom	250	(2)
Liability for Negligence	252	(3)
Students' Rights and Responsibilities	255	(5)
Students' Rights As Citizens	255	(4)
Students' Rights and Responsibilities in School	259	(1)
Relevant Research: Student Dress Codes: Multiple Perspectives	260	(5)
Case Study: School Discipline versus Students' Privacy	265	(2)
Global Perspectives: Legal Aspects of Education in Other Countries	267	(1)
Summary and Implications	267	(2)
Discussion Questions	269	(1)
Journal Entries	269	(1)
Portfolio Development	270	(1)
School-Based Experiences	270	(1)
Web Sites	270	(1)
Notes	271	(1)
Bibliography	271	(1)
part IV HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION	272	(84)
Viewing Education Through Historical Lenses	273	(1)
Antecedents of American Education	274	(20)
The Beginnings of Education(to A. D. 476)	276	(1)
Aboriginal Education	276	(1)
Global Perspectives: Educational Ideas Borrowed from around the World	277	(2)
Eastern Education	277	(1)
Greek Education	278	(1)
Relevant Research: Students' Knowledge of the Past	279	(3)
Roman Education	281	(1)
Education in the Middle Age (476-1300)	282	(2)
The Dark Ages (400-1000)	282	(1)
The Revival of Learning	283	(1)
Professional Dilemma: Can a Knowledge of History Help Improve Multicultural Education?	284	(1)
Education in Transition (1300-1700)	285	(2)
The Renaissance	285	(1)
The Reformation	285	(2)
Modern Period (1700-Present)	287	(2)
The Age of Reason	287	(1)
The Emergence of Common Man	288	(1)
Case Study: A Student Teacher and Rousseau	289	(2)
Summary and Implications	291	(1)
Discussion Questions	292	(1)
Journal Entries	292	(1)
Portfolio Development	292	(1)
School-Based Experiences	292	(1)
Web Sites	293	(1)
Notes	293	(1)
Bibliography	293	(1)
Early American Education	294	(32)
Providing Education in the New World	296	(3)
Colonial Education	296	(2)
The Struggle for Universal Elementary Education	298	(1)
Global Perspectives: Educational Transplantation from Europe	299	(3)
The Need for Secondary Schools	300	(1)
Aims of American Education	301	(1)
Relevant Research: Critiquing Historical Resources	302	(3)
History of Federal Involvement	304	(1)
Preparation of Teachers	305	(1)
Global Perspectives: European Beginnings of Teacher Training	305	(9)
Evolution of Teaching Materials	309	(5)
Case Study: Lessons from the Past	314	(1)
Education for Special Populations	315	(4)
Education of African Americans	315	(3)
Education of Women	318	(1)
Global Perspectives: Maria Montessori	319	(2)
Professional Dilemma: Can a Teacher Both Defend and Criticize Past and Present Schools?	321	(2)
Private Education in America	321	(2)
Summary and Implications	323	(1)
Discussion Questions	323	(1)
Journal Entries	323	(1)
Portfolio Development	323	(1)
School-Based Experiences	324	(1)
Web Sites	324	(1)
Notes	324	(1)
Bibliography	325	(1)
Recent Developments in Education 1940-Present	326	(30)
More Students and Bigger Schools	328	(4)
The Rapid Growth of the Educational Enterprise	328	(2)
School District Consolidation	330	(2)
Case Study: The Douglas Country Performance Pay Plan for Teachers	332	(5)
Growth of Programs	332	(5)
A Developing Profession	337	(7)
The Increasing Complexity of the Educational Enterprise	337	(4)
Recent Trends in Education	341	(3)
Global Perspectives: Jean Piaget	344	(1)
Professional Dilemma: How Can the Busy Teacher Keep Up with Historical and Contemporary Research?	345	(2)
Relevant Research: Do We Still Need Public School?	347	(1)
Global Perspectives: Educators' Worldwide Responsibility	348	(1)
Summary and Implications	348	(1)
Discussion Questions	349	(1)
Journal Entries	349	(1)
Portfolio Development	349	(1)
School-Based Experiences	350	(1)
Web Sites	350	(1)
Notes	350	(1)
Bibliography	351	(5)
Appendix 10.1: Important Dates in the History of Western Education	352	(4)
part V PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION	356	(78)
Viewing Education Through Philosophical Lenses	357	(1)
Philosophy: The Passion to Understand	358	(26)
Structure and Methodology of Philosophy	360	(5)
The Branches of Philosophy	360	(2)
Thinking As a Philosopher	362	(3)
Professional Dilemma: Should Ethics Be Taught in Public Schools?	365	(1)
Schools of Philosophy and their Influence on Education	366	(1)
Idealism	367	(1)
Relevant Research: Teaching for Critical Thinking	367	(10)
Realism	369	(2)
Pragmatism	371	(2)
Existentialism	373	(1)
Eastern Ways of Knowing	374	(3)
Case Study: Required Student Service: A Form of Slavery?	377	(1)
Global Perspectives: The Fabric of Eastern Ways of Knowing	378	(1)
Native North American Ways of Knowing	378	(1)
Summary and Implications	379	(1)
Discussion Questions	380	(1)
Journal Entries	380	(1)
Portfolio Development	381	(1)
School-Based Experiences	381	(1)
Web Sites	381	(1)
Notes	382	(1)
Bibliography	382	(2)
Educational Theory in American Schools: Philosophy in Action	384	(26)
Authoritarian Educational Theories	388	(7)
Perennialism	388	(2)
Essentialism	390	(2)
Behaviorism	392	(1)
Positivism	393	(2)
Nonauthoritarian Educational Theories	395	(3)
Progressivism	395	(2)
Reconstructionism	397	(1)
Case Study: Authentic School Testing: Values on the Loose	398	(4)
Humanism	400	(2)
Constructivism	402	(1)
Professional Dilemma: Should I Use Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Ability Grouping?	402	(1)
Relevant Research: Developing Authentic Assessments	403	(3)
Global Perspectives: Looking beyond the Boundaries	406	(1)
Summary and Implications	406	(1)
Discussion Questions	407	(1)
Journal Entries	407	(1)
Portfolio Development	407	(1)
School-Based Experiences	408	(1)
Web Sites	408	(1)
Notes	408	(1)
Bibliography	408	(2)
Building An Educational Philosophy	410	(24)
Using Philosophy in the Classroom	413	(3)
Classroom Organization	413	(3)
Relevant Research: The Three C's of Safe Schools: Cooperation, Conflict Resolution, and Civic Values	416	(4)
Motivation	416	(2)
Discipline	418	(2)
Professional Dilemma: Should You Use Authentic Assessments to Grade Students?	420	(4)
Classroom Climate	421	(3)
Using Philosophy beyond the Classroom	424	(4)
Teachers As Change Agents	424	(1)
Teachers As Leaders	425	(3)
Case Study: Helping the Females: A Form of Segregation?	428	(1)
Global Perspectives: The World as Classroom	429	(1)
Summary and Implications	429	(1)
Discussion Questions	430	(1)
Journal Entries	431	(1)
Portfolio Development	431	(1)
School-Based Experiences	431	(1)
Web Sites	431	(1)
Notes	432	(1)
Bibliography	432	(2)
part VI SCHOOL PROGRAMS AND PRACTICES	434	(72)
Viewing Education Through Program Development Lenses	435	(1)
Developing the Curriculum	436	(32)
Understanding the Curriculum	438	(7)
Goals and Aims for Education	438	(2)
Structure of the Curriculum	440	(3)
Students Served by the Curriculum	443	(2)
Curriculum Offerings	445	(5)
General Education	445	(1)
Exploratory Education	446	(2)
Education for Career	448	(2)
Curriculum Alternatives	450	(1)
Effective Schools	450	(1)
Case Study: Family-School Partnerships	451	(3)
Outcomes-Based Education	452	(1)
Early Childhood Programs	453	(1)
Charter Schools	454	(1)
Global Perspectives: The Charter Movement in Sweden	454	(2)
Home-Based Education	455	(1)
Business and Industry Involvement	455	(1)
Professional Dilemma: Well, Here We Go Again!	456	(1)
Ever Occurring Change	456	(1)
Assessing the Magnitude of Change	457	(1)
Curriculum and Student Evaluation	457	(7)
Curriculum Evaluation	458	(2)
Student Evaluation	460	(4)
Relevant Research: Using Assessment to Improve Learning	464	(1)
Summary and Implications	464	(1)
Discussion Questions	465	(1)
Journal Entries	465	(1)
Portfolio Development	465	(1)
School-Based Experiences	466	(1)
Web Sites	466	(1)
Notes	466	(1)
Bibliography	466	(2)
Delivery of Instruction	468	(38)
Organizing Teachers and Space	470	(6)
Graded and Nongraded Schools	471	(2)
Patterns of Elementary, Intermediate, and Secondary Organization	473	(1)
Staffing Arrangements	474	(1)
Teacher Scheduling	475	(1)
Organizing Students	476	(3)
Class Size	476	(1)
Philosophy of Grouping	477	(2)
Instructional Practices	479	(6)
Expected Goals for Learning	479	(1)
Models of Learning	480	(5)
Professional Dilemma: School Program Issues	485	(1)
Using Technology in Instruction	485	(7)
Learning Resource Centers	486	(1)
Television	486	(1)
Videodiscs	487	(1)
Use of Mainframes	487	(1)
Microcomputers	488	(4)
Change, Change, Change	492	(1)
Restructuring Schools	492	(1)
Global Perspectives: Local School Programs in Italy	493	(1)
Transforming Schools	493	(1)
Case Study: School Reform	494	(5)
Relevant Research: Do Magnet Schools Boost Achievement?	499	(2)
Will You Be Ready?	500	(1)
Summary and Implications	501	(1)
Discussion Questions	502	(1)
Journal Entries	502	(1)
Portfolio Development	502	(1)
School-Based Experiences	502	(1)
Web Sites	503	(1)
Notes	503	(1)
Bibliography	503	(3)
Appendix 15.1: Domains of Learning	504	(2)
Glossary	506	(6)
Name Index	512	(5)
Subject Index	517