Introduction to the Foundations of American Education

by Johnson, James A.; Dupuis, Victor L.; Musial, Diann L.; Hall, Gene E.; Gollnick, Donna M.

• ISBN13: 9780205323876
• ISBN10: 0205323871
• Edition: 12th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Keeping pace with current issues and trends, this classic text offers solid coverage of the foundational areas of education.This best-selling text continues to develop successful teachers by providing a broad introduction to the foundations of education based on interesting and current discussion of important theory and practice. The text offers a thorough overview of the historical, legal, philosophical, social, and practical aspects of American education. Each chapter is written by one of the five main authors, all respected authorities in their fields.

Table of Contents

INTASC Standards Table	v
NCATE Standards Table	vi
List of Features	xxi
Preface	xxiii
PART ONE The Profession of Teaching	xxx
Viewing Education through Professional Lenses	1	(2)
Teaching as a Profession
Education in the News: No Crisis, but Trouble on the Way	3	(1)
Learner Outcomes	4	(1)
Today's Teachers	5	(13)
The Importance of Teachers to Society	6	(1)
The Public View of Teachers and Schools	6	(2)
Who Teaches?	8	(4)
Teachers Needed	12	(6)
Teaching as a Profession	18	(7)
Characteristics of a Profession	18	(2)
Quality Assurance Continuum	20	(4)
Professional Responsibilities	24	(1)
Debate
Should Nationally Certified Teachers Be Paid More?	25	(5)
Professional Dilemma
Who Is Cheating Now?	30	(1)
Reflecting on One's Practice	30	(5)
Relevant Research
Making Meaning of the Educational Portfolios	35	(1)
Working with Colleagues, Other Professionals, and Students' Families	36	(1)
Participating in the Profession	37	(5)
Global Perspectives
Education International	42	(1)
Challenges Affecting Teachers	42	(5)
Salaries	42	(5)
Working Conditions	47	(1)
Beginning and Continuing a Teaching Career	47	(4)
Becoming Licensed	48	(1)
Searching for a Teaching Position	49	(1)
Remaining a Teacher	50	(1)
Summary	51	(1)
Discussion Questions	52	(1)
Journal Entries	52	(1)
Portfolio Development	52	(1)
School-Based Experiences	53	(1)
Websites	53	(1)
Notes	54	(1)
Bibliography	54	(2)
State Teacher Licensure Offices	56	(2)
Professional and Religious Education Associations: A Selected List	58	(2)
PART TWO School and Society	60	(110)
Viewing Education through Sociological Lenses	61	(2)
Diversity in Society
Education in the News: Little Newcomers in a Strange Land	63	(1)
Learner Outcomes	63	(2)
Culture and Society	65	(2)
Characteristics of Culture	65	(1)
Dominant or Mainstream Culture	65	(1)
Microcultural Groups	66	(1)
Diversity and Education	67	(4)
Assimilation	68	(1)
Cultural Pluralism	69	(1)
Cultural Choice	70	(1)
Socioeconomic Status	71	(4)
Social Stratification	72	(1)
Class Structure	72	(1)
Poverty	73	(2)
Ethnicity and Race	75	(3)
Race	75	(1)
Ethnicity	76	(1)
Ethnic Diversity	76	(2)
Relevant Research
Development of Racial and Gender Identity	78	(1)
Gender	78	(3)
Differences between Females and Males	78	(3)
Global Perspectives
Poverty, Illiteracy, and School Attendance in China	81	(1)
Sexual Orientation	81	(1)
Language	82	(2)
Language Diversity	82	(1)
Dialectal Diversity	83	(1)
Professional Dilemma
Communicating with Parents of English Language Learners	84	(1)
Exceptionalities	84	(2)
Inclusion	85	(1)
Debate
Are Too Many Kids Labeled Gifted?	86	(2)
Cultural Differences	88	(1)
Disproportionate Placements	88	(1)
Religion	88	(2)
Religious Pluralism	88	(1)
Religion in Schools	89	(1)
Geography	90	(3)
Rural Communities	90	(1)
Suburban Communities	91	(1)
Urban Communities	92	(1)
Cultural Identity	93	(1)
Intragroup Differences	93	(1)
Biculturalism and Multiculturalism	93	(1)
Summary	94	(2)
Discussion Questions	96	(1)
Journal Entries	96	(1)
Portfolio Development	96	(1)
School-Based Experiences	97	(1)
Websites	97	(1)
Notes	98	(1)
Bibliography	99	(2)
Schools Facing Social challenges
Education in the News: Racial Gap in Schools Splits a Town Proud of Diversity	101	(1)
Learner Outcomes	101	(2)
Groups in Society	103	(5)
Power and Domination	103	(2)
Ethnocentrism	105	(1)
Prejudice and Discrimination	106	(2)
Today's Families	108	(2)
Parenting	109	(1)
Professional Dilemma
What If He Has Two Mommies?	110	(1)
Latchkey Children	110	(2)
Homeless Students	112	(1)
Abuse	112	(1)
Today's Youth	113	(9)
Who Is This Generation?	114	(2)
Challenges of Youth Culture	116	(6)
Democracy and Schooling	122	(2)
Equality and Education	122	(2)
Relevant Research
Conflict of Liberal Discourse and Self-Interest	124	(1)
Roles of Schools	125	(2)
Purposes of Schools	127	(3)
Debate
Can Retention Be Good for a Student?	130	(2)
Whose Schools?	132	(1)
Global Perspectives
Universal Values	133	(1)
Democratic Schools	133	(2)
Summary	135	(1)
Discussion Questions	136	(1)
Journal Entries	136	(1)
Portfolio Development	137	(1)
School-Based Experiences	137	(1)
Websites	137	(1)
Notes	138	(1)
Bibliography	139	(2)
Education That is Multicultural
Education in the News: Internet at School is Changing Work of Students---and Teachers	141	(1)
Learner Outcomes	142	(1)
Undergirding Tenets	143	(3)
Diversity	144	(1)
Social Justice and Equality	145	(1)
Global Perspectives
Antiracist and Multicultural Education	146	(1)
Culture of the School	146	(2)
Traditions	147	(1)
Hidden Curriculum	147	(1)
Culturally Relevant Teaching	148	(5)
Building on cultural Context	148	(1)
Centering the Cultures of Students	149	(2)
Validating Student Voices	151	(2)
Debate
Should We Correct Students' Grammar All the Time, Every Time?	153	(1)
Educational Challenges	154	(5)
The Challenge of Technology and Equity	155	(2)
The Challenge of Gender-Sensitive Education	157	(2)
Relevant Research
Boys and Girls in Performance-Based Science Classrooms	159	(1)
The Challenge of Language Diversity	159	(2)
Teachers as Social Activists	161	(2)
Thinking Critically	161	(1)
Practicing Equity in the Classroom	162	(1)
Professional Dilemma
Harassment in Schools	163	(1)
Teaching for Social Justice	163	(1)
Involving Communities and Families	164	(1)
Summary	165	(1)
Discussion Questions	166	(1)
Journal Entries	166	(1)
Portfolio Development	166	(1)
School-Based Experiences	167	(1)
Websites	167	(1)
Notes	168	(1)
Bibliography	169	(1)
PART THREE Governance and Support of American Education	170	(108)
Viewing Education through Organizational Lenses	171	(2)
Organizing and Paying for American Education
Education in the News: Study: School Choice Popular; Academic Results are Unclear	173	(1)
Learner Outcomes	174	(1)
The Structure of the American Education System	175	(22)
The Organization of Schools	176	(4)
Organization of the School District	180	(2)
Organization of Education at the State Level	182	(4)
The Federal Government's Role in Education	186	(3)
Other Types of Education Agencies	189	(1)
Choice: Increasing Options along with Uncertain Outcomes	190	(5)
Issues Related to Organization and Structure	195	(2)
Professional Dilemma
What is the Appropriate Role for Teachers When the Politics Get Rough?	197	(3)
The Financing of Education: Sources of Funds and the Move from Equity to Adequacy	200	(6)
A System of Taxation and Support for Schools	201	(5)
Relevant Research
Reform of School Finance in Michigan	206	(2)
Debate
Has Student Fund-Raising Gone Too Far?	208	(2)
Education Spending	210	(3)
Perennial School Finance Issues	213	(2)
Accountability	215	(4)
Global Perspectives
International Comparisons in Spending for Schools	219	(1)
Summary	220	(2)
Discussion Questions	222	(1)
Journal Entries	222	(1)
Portfolio Development	223	(1)
School-Based Experiences	223	(1)
Websites	223	(1)
Notes	224	(1)
Bibliography	225	(2)
Legal Foundations of Education
Education in the News: Prayers are Heard at Football Games Despite Ruling	227	(1)
Learner Outcomes	227	(2)
Legal Aspects of Education	229	(18)
Legal Provisions for Education: The U.S. Constitution	229	(2)
Church and State	231	(8)
Segregation and Desegregation	239	(5)
Equal Opportunity	244	(3)
Professional Dilemma
What Will You Do If a Child in Your Classroom Has AIDS?	247	(1)
Teachers' Rights and Responsibilities	248	(1)
Conditions of Employment	248	(6)
Academic Freedom	254	(2)
Liability for Negligence	256
Students' Rights and Responsibilities	248	(14)
Students' Rights as Citizens	259	(3)
Debate
Should Teachers and Support Staff Be Able to Suspend Students?	262	(3)
Students' Rights and Responsibilities in School	265	(7)
Relevant Research
Zero Tolerance, Zero Sense	272	(1)
Global Perspectives
Legal Aspects of Education in Other Countries	272	(2)
Summary	274	(1)
Discussion Questions	275	(1)
Journal Entries	275	(1)
Portfolio Development	276	(1)
School-Based Experiences	276	(1)
Websites	276	(1)
Notes	277	(1)
Bibliography	277	(1)
PART FOUR Historical Foundations of Education	278	(96)
Viewing Education through Historical Lenses	279	(2)
Antecedents of American Education
Education in the News: Quintilian Defines ``An Ideal Teacher''	281	(1)
Learner Outcomes	281	(1)
The Beginnings of Education (to A. D. 476)	282	(1)
Global Perspectives
Educational Ideas Borrowed from around the World	283	(1)
Non-Western Education	283	(2)
Western Education ---The Greeks	285	(2)
Western Education---The Romans	287	(1)
Relevant Research
School Violence	288	(1)
Education in the Middle Ages (476--1300)	289	(2)
The Dark Ages (400--1000)	289	(1)
The Revival of Learning	290	(1)
Professional Dilemma
Can a Knowledge of History Help to Improve Multicultural Education?	291	(1)
Education in Transition (1300--1700)	291	(3)
The Renaissance	292	(1)
The Reformation	292	(2)
Modern Period (1700-Present)	294	(2)
The Age of Reason	294	(1)
The Emergence of Common Man	295	(1)
Debate
Should Kids Read Goosebumps?	296	(4)
summary	300	(1)
Discussion Questions	301	(1)
Journal Entries	301	(1)
Portfolio Development	302	(1)
School-Based Experiences	302	(1)
Websites	302	(1)
Notes	302	(1)
Bibliography	303	(2)
The Important Role of Education in Our Developing Nation
Education in the News: Why Study History?	305	(1)
Learner outcomes	306	(1)
Providing Education in the New World	307	(3)
Colonial Education	307	(2)
The Struggle for Universal Elementary Education	309	(1)
Global Perspectives
Educational Transplantation from Europe	310	(1)
The Need for Secondary Schools	311	(2)
Aims of American Education	313	(1)
Relevant Research
Critiquing Historical Sources	314	(2)
History of Federal Involvement	316	(1)
Preparation of Teachers	317	(1)
Global Perspectives
European Beginnings of Teacher Training	317	(4)
Evolution of Teaching Materials	321	(1)
Debate
Should NEA Affiliates Help Get Rid of Bad Teachers?	322	(5)
Education for Diverse Populations	327	(5)
Education of African Americans	327	(4)
Education of Women	331	(1)
Global Perspectives
Maria Montessori	332	(1)
Private Education in America	333	(1)
Professional Dilemma
Can a Teacher Both Defend and Criticize Past and Present Schools?	334	(2)
Summary	336	(1)
Discussion Questions	337	(1)
Journal Entries	337	(1)
Portfolio Development	338	(1)
School-Based Experiences	338	(1)
Websites	338	(1)
Notes	339	(1)
Bibliography	339	(2)
Using Recent History to Improve Student Learning
Education in the News: Is History Knowable?	341	(51)
Learner Outcomes	392
More Students and Bigger Schools	342	(4)
The Rapid Growth of the Educational Enterprise	342	(1)
School District Consolidation	343	(2)
Growth of Programs	345	(1)
Debate
Should Seat Belts Be Mandatory on School Buses?	346	(3)
Relevant Research
Student Homework	349	(2)
A Developing Profession	351	(6)
The Increasing Complexity of the Educational Enterprise	351	(6)
Recent Trends in Education	357	(3)
New Emphases in Education	358	(2)
Global Perspectives
Jean Piaget	360	(2)
Professional Dilemma
How Can the Busy Teacher Keep Up with Historical and Contemporary Research?	362	(1)
Global Perspectives
Educators' Worldwide Responsibility	363	(3)
Summary	366	(1)
Discussion Questions	367	(1)
Journal Entries	367	(1)
Portfolio Development	368	(1)
School-Based Experiences	368	(1)
Websites	368	(1)
Notes	369	(1)
Bibliography	369	(1)
Important Dates in the History of Western Education	370	(4)
PART FIVE Philosophical Foundations of Education	374	(86)
Viewing Education through Philosophical Lenses	375	(2)
Philosophy: The Passion to Understand
Education in the News: The Cheating Game	377	(1)
Learner Outcomes	378	(1)
Structure and Methodology of Philosophy	378	(6)
The Branches of Philosophy	379	(2)
Thinking as a Philosopher	381	(3)
Professional Dilemma
Should Ethics Be Taught in Public Schools?	384	(1)
Schools of Philosophy and Their Influence on Education	385	(2)
Idealism	386	(1)
Relevant Research
Teaching for Critical Thinking	387	(2)
Realism	389	(3)
Pragmatism	392	(1)
Existentialism	393	(1)
Debate
Should Schools Sell Cola Companies Exclusive Rights?	394	(3)
Eastern Ways of Knowing	397	(2)
Global Perspectives
The Fabric of Eastern Ways of Knowing	399	(1)
Native North American Ways of Knowing	400	(2)
Summary	402	(1)
Discussion Questions	403	(1)
Journal Entries	403	(1)
Portfolio Development	403	(1)
School-Based Experiences	403	(1)
Websites	404	(1)
Notes	404	(1)
Bibliography	405	(2)
Educational Theory in American Schools: Philosophy in Action
Education in the News: A Wake-Up Call	407	(1)
Learner Outcomes	407	(3)
Authoritarian Educational Theories	410	(3)
Perennialism	410	(2)
Essentialism	412	(1)
Debate
Should Today's Education Be Relevant to Tomorrow's Job Market?	413	(3)
Behaviorism	416	(2)
Positivism	418	(1)
Nonauthoritarian Educational Theories	419	(7)
Progressivism	419	(2)
Reconstructionism	421	(2)
Humanism	423	(2)
Constructivism	425	(1)
Professional Dilemma
Should I Use Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Ability Grouping?	426	(1)
Relevant Research
Developing Authentic Assessments	427	(2)
Global Perspectives
Looking beyond the Boundaries	429	(1)
Summary	430	(1)
Discussion Questions	430	(1)
Journal Entries	431	(1)
Portfolio Development	431	(1)
School-Based Experiences	431	(1)
Websites	431	(1)
Notes	432	(1)
Bibliography	432	(3)
Building an Educational Philosophy
Education in the News: Authors Add Character to Curriculum	435	(1)
Learner Outcomes	436	(2)
Using Philosophy in the Classroom	438	(2)
Classroom Organization	438	(2)
Debate
Is Environmental Education Scaring Our Kids to Death?	440	(2)
Motivation	442	(1)
Relevant Research
The Three C's of Safe Schools: Cooperation, Conflict Resolution, and Civic Values	443	(2)
Discipline	445	(2)
Professional Dilemma
Should You Use Authentic Assessment to Grade Students?	447	(1)
Classroom Climate	448	(3)
Using Philosophy Beyond the Classroom	451	(4)
Teachers as Change Agents	451	(2)
Teachers as Leaders	453	(2)
Global Perspectives
The World as Classroom	455	(1)
Summary	455	(2)
Discussion Questions	457	(1)
Journal Entries	457	(1)
Portfolio Development	457	(1)
School-Based Experiences	457	(1)
Websites	458	(1)
Notes	458	(1)
Bibliography	459	(1)
PART SIX Student Programs, Teacher Practices, and Standards-Based Education and Assessment	460	(117)
Viewing Education through Program Development Lenses	461	(2)
Designing Programs for Learners
Education in the News: Charter Schools Working Together	463	(1)
Learner Outcomes	463	(1)
Types of Curriculum Design	464	(3)
Separate Courses Design	464	(1)
Fused Courses Design	465	(1)
Core Courses Design	466	(1)
Activity Courses Design	466	(1)
Students Served by the Curriculum	467	(2)
Terminal Students	467	(1)
College-Bound Students	468	(1)
Vocational-Technical Students	468	(1)
Destination Unknown	468	(1)
Nontraditional Students	468	(1)
Purposes of Curriculum	469	(5)
General Education	469	(2)
Exploratory Education	471	(1)
Education for Career	472	(2)
Alternative Curriculum Programs	474	(1)
Charter Schools	474	(1)
Debate
Are Charter Schools Eroding Support for Public Schools?	475	(2)
Effective Schools	477	(1)
School Vouchers	478	(1)
Outcomes-Based Education	478	(1)
Private Industry	479	(1)
Essential Schools	480	(1)
Magnet Schools	480	(1)
Relevant Research
Do Magnet Schools Boost Achievement?	481	(1)
Home-Based Schools	481	(1)
The Comer Model	482	(1)
Global Perspectives
Schools of Reconciliation in Northern Ireland	483	(1)
Putting Change in Perspective	484	(1)
Assessing the Magnitude of Change	484	(1)
Professional Dilemma
``I've Been There, Seen That, Done That Before''	485	(1)
Restructuring Schools	486	(1)
Transforming Schools	486	(1)
Summary	487	(1)
Discussion Questions	488	(1)
Journal Entries	488	(1)
Portfolio Development	488	(1)
School-Based Experiences	488	(1)
Websites	488	(1)
Notes	489	(1)
Bibliography	489	(2)
Providing Instruction
Education in the News: Program Recognizes Teachers' Extra Efforts	491	(1)
Learner Outcomes	491	(1)
Organizing Teachers to Provide Instruction	492	(2)
School Organization	493	(1)
Global Perspectives
German Education	494	(1)
Graded and Nongraded Schools	495	(2)
Arrangements for Staff	497	(1)
Instructional Scheduling	498	(1)
Relevant Research
Block Scheduling Can Enhance the School Climate	499	(1)
Organizing Students	500	(2)
Class Size for Management and Grouping	500	(1)
Grouping Philosophy	500	(2)
Professional Dilemma
Adjusting the Attitude of Learners	502	(1)
Instructional Practices	503	(1)
Goals for Learning	503	(1)
Models of Learning	504	(5)
Mastery Model	505	(1)
Individualized Models	505	(1)
Thinking Skills Model	506	(1)
Hunter Model	507	(1)
Teacher Expectation and Student Achievement Model	508	(1)
4Mat Model	508	(1)
Instructional Technology	509	(6)
Classroom Learning Centers	510	(1)
Educational Television	511	(1)
Computer Technology in Education	512	(1)
Personal Computers	513	(2)
Debate
Should School Computer Labs Be Phased Out?	515	(4)
Summary	519	(1)
Discussion Questions	520	(1)
Journal Entries	520	(1)
Portfolio Development	520	(1)
School-Based Experiences	520	(1)
Websites	520	(1)
Notes	521	(1)
Bibliography	521	(1)
Domains of Learning	522	(3)
Standards-Based Education and Assessment
Education in the News: High-Stakes Testing: They're Here and They're Not Going Away	525	(1)
Learner Outcomes	526	(1)
Standards-Based Education	527	(10)
Differing Conceptions of Standards	527	(3)
Differing Uses of Standards	530	(1)
Differing Sources of Standards	530	(1)
Three Types of Standards	531	(2)
An Example of National Performance Standards	533	(1)
Standards Frameworks	534	(1)
The Debate over Setting Standards	535	(1)
The Ongoing Debate over the Value of Standards	535	(2)
Global Perspectives
Australia Is Exploring a New Approach to Education Reform	537	(1)
The Changing Face of Assessment	537	(8)
What Is Assessment?	538	(1)
Purposes for Assessment	539	(2)
Authentic Contextualized Assessment	541	(2)
Methods of Authentic Assessment	543	(2)
Relevant Research
A Case Study of Alternative Assessment: Student, Teacher, and Observer Perceptions in a Ninth Grade Biology Classroom	545	(1)
Designing Authentic Performance Assessments	546	(5)
Professional Aspects of Good Assessments	551	(1)
The Ups and Downs of Testing	552	(3)
Professional Dilemma
What Is the Proper Way to Prepare for High-Stakes, State-Mandated Tests?	555	(1)
Debate
Should States Determine the Specifics of Education Standards?	556	(1)
Bringing Standards to the Classroom: A True Story	557	(18)
A School District Moves to Standards-Based Education	558	(2)
Assessing Student Learning in Standards-Based Education	560	(1)
Supporting Teachers and Students in Implementing Standards-Based Education	561	(6)
Standards-Based Education as a Paradigm Change	567	(2)
Summary	569	(1)
Discussion Questions	570	(1)
Journal Entries	571	(1)
Portfolio Development	571	(1)
School-Based Experiences	571	(1)
Websites	572	(1)
Notes	572	(1)
Bibliography	573	(2)
Epilogue: Education in the Twenty-First Century
Debate
Will Public Education Survive the Next Century?	575	(2)
Name Index	577	(4)
Subject Index	581