Introduction to Health Occupations : Today's Health Care Worker

by Badasch, Shirley A.; Chesebro, Doreen S.

• ISBN13: 9780130457455
• ISBN10: 0130457450
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Providing both basic core knowledge as well as an overview of many health care professions, Introduction to Health Occupations is an ideal resource for students preparing for entry-level health occupation positions. A striking four-color design supports and enhances sound pedagogy covering precautions, OSHA, CLIA, HEDIS, disaster preparedness and AIDS. Features new to the sixth edition further strengthen instruction with exercises that include enhanced visual learning, team building, communication, multicultural competence and familiarity with new technology. Features Include: A Student CD-ROM with additional exercises and practice opportunities Corresponding Companion Website - www.prenhall.com/badasch - that offers further exercises as well as links to related resources New - "Learn by Doing" component at the end of each unit that increase hands-on opportunities New - procedure opening rationales that add clarity New - enhanced documentation exposure with charting examples for the procedures "Thinking Critically" segment in the chapter review that reinforces material New - group role-playing and participatory practice and activities Creation of a solid job-readiness file with the Portfolio Connection Clear chapter beginning and unit objectives as well as thorough end-of-chapter exercises and self-evaluation

Table of Contents

Procedures	ix
Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xviii
About the Authors	xix
The Parts of This Book	xx
Part 1 Basic Knowledge and Skills	1	(324)
Introduction to Being a Health Care Worker	2	(16)
History of Health Care	2	(8)
Early Beginnings	3	(1)
Medicine in Ancient Times	3	(1)
The Dark Ages (A.D. 400--800) and the Middle Ages (A.D. 800--1400)	4	(1)
The Renaissance (A.D. 1350--1650)	4	(1)
The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries	4	(1)
The Eighteenth Century	5	(1)
The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries	5	(2)
The Advancement of Nursing	7	(1)
Patient Care Today	8	(1)
A Look Back and an Overview of the Future	9	(1)
Medical Ethics	9	(1)
Summary	9	(1)
Health Care Providers	10	(8)
Types of Health Care Providers	10	(2)
Government Agencies	12	(1)
Volunteer Agencies	12	(1)
Managed Care: Quality Care and Managed Costs	13	(1)
Ambulatory Care	14	(1)
Quality Health Care Costs and Payments	14	(1)
Organization	15	(1)
Major Services in Health Care	15	(1)
Summary	16	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	17	(1)
Finding the Right Occupation for You	18	(40)
Career Search	18	(3)
Interests	18	(1)
Values	19	(1)
Abilities	19	(1)
Resources for Occupational Research	19	(1)
How to Do a Career Search	20	(1)
Developing a Vocational Portfolio	20	(1)
Summary	20	(1)
Overview of Careers	21	(37)
Therapeutic Services	21	(17)
Diagnostic Services	38	(7)
Information Services	45	(5)
Environmental Services	50	(4)
Additional Health Care Areas	54	(1)
Summary	55	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	56	(2)
Medical Ethics and Law	58	(16)
Ethical Roles and Responsibilities of a Health Care Worker	58	(6)
Value Indicators	58	(2)
Patient or Customer Satisfaction	60	(3)
The Team Concept	63	(1)
Summary	63	(1)
Legal Roles and Responsibilities of a Health Care Worker	64	(10)
Legal Responsibilities	64	(5)
Confidentiality	69	(1)
Policies and Procedures	70	(1)
Summary	71	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	72	(2)
Meeting Your Needs and the Needs of Others	74	(24)
Holistic Health	74	(3)
Health and Wellness	74	(1)
Wellness and Preventive Health Care	75	(1)
Jobs and Professions	75	(1)
Summary	76	(1)
Understanding Human Needs	77	(10)
Meeting the Needs of Patients/Clients	77	(7)
Pet-Facilitated Therapy	84	(1)
Meeting the Needs of Co-Workers and Other Staff	85	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	85	(1)
Summary	86	(1)
Cross-Cultural Terms and Principles	87	(11)
Culture and Behavior	87	(2)
Gestures and Body Language	89	(3)
Communicating Effectively With People From Other Cultures	92	(2)
Folk Medicine	94	(2)
Summary	96	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	97	(1)
Effective Communications	98	(15)
Interpersonal Communication for All Ages	98	(6)
Elements That Influence Your Relationships With Others	99	(1)
Barriers to Communication	99	(1)
Elements of Communication	100	(1)
Good Listening Skills	100	(1)
Assertive Communication	101	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	101	(1)
Verbal Communication	102	(1)
Summary	103	(1)
Charting and Observation	104	(4)
Observation	104	(1)
Reporting	105	(1)
Documentation	105	(2)
Confidentiality	107	(1)
Jobs and Professions	107	(1)
Computers in Health Care	108	(5)
Computers in General	108	(1)
Basic Computer Components	108	(1)
Computers in Health Care	109	(2)
Summary	111	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	112	(1)
Medical Terminology	113	(11)
Pronunciation, Word Elements, and Terms	113	(6)
Introduction to Medical Terminology	113	(1)
Pronunciation	114	(1)
Forming Medical Terms From Word Elements	114	(5)
Summary	119	(1)
Medical Abbreviations	119	(5)
Introduction to Abbreviations	120	(1)
Summary	121	(2)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	123	(1)
Medical Math	124	(17)
Math Review	124	(8)
Introduction to the Math Review	124	(1)
Numbers	125	(1)
Addition	126	(1)
Subtraction	127	(1)
Multiplication	128	(2)
Division	130	(1)
Decimals, Percentages, and Fractions	131	(1)
Summary	132	(1)
The Metric System	132	(4)
Using the Metric System	133	(1)
Using the Metric System to Measure	134	(1)
Changing Standard Measures to Metric Measures	134	(2)
Summary	136	(1)
The 24-Hour Clock/Military Time	136	(5)
Introduction to the 24-Hour Clock/Military Time	137	(1)
Summary	138	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	139	(2)
Your Body and How It Functions	141	(61)
Overview of the Body	141	(9)
Introduction to the Body	141	(8)
Jobs and Professions	149	(1)
The Skeletal System	150	(7)
Introduction to the Skeletal System	150	(7)
Jobs and Professions	157	(1)
The Muscular System	157	(4)
Introduction to the Muscular System	158	(2)
Common Disorders of the Muscular System	160	(1)
Jobs and Professions	161	(1)
The Circulatory System	161	(6)
Introduction to the Circulatory System	162	(3)
Common Disorders of the Circulatory System	165	(2)
Jobs and Professions	167	(1)
The Lymphatic System	167	(3)
Introduction to the Lymphatic System	167	(2)
Common Disorders of the Lymphatic System	169	(1)
Jobs and Professions	170	(1)
The Respiratory System	170	(4)
Introduction to the Respiratory System	171	(1)
Common Disorders of the Respiratory System	172	(1)
Jobs and Professions	173	(1)
The Digestive System	174	(5)
Introduction to the Digestive System	175	(3)
The Accessory Structures	178	(1)
Jobs and Professions	178	(1)
The Urinary System	179	(4)
Introduction to the Urinary System	180	(1)
Common Disorders of the Urinary System	181	(2)
Jobs and Professions	183	(1)
The Glandular Systems	183	(3)
Introduction to the Glandular Systems	183	(2)
Common Disorders of the Glandular System	185	(1)
Jobs and Professions	185	(1)
The Nervous System	186	(6)
Introduction to the Nervous System	187	(4)
Common Disorders of the Nervous System	191	(1)
Jobs and Professions	192	(1)
The Reproductive System	192	(6)
Introduction to the Reproductive System	193	(2)
Common Disorders of the Reproductive System	195	(2)
Jobs and Professions	197	(1)
The Integumentary System	198	(4)
Introduction to the Integumentary System	198	(1)
Common Disorders of the Integumentary System	199	(1)
Jobs and Professions	200	(1)
Summary	200	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	201	(1)
Human Growth and Development	202	(21)
Development and Behavior	202	(6)
Development and Behavior	202	(5)
Summary	207	(1)
Aging and Role Change	208	(3)
Physical Changes of Aging	208	(1)
Role Changes in People Who Are Aging	209	(1)
Summary	210	(1)
Disabilities and Role Changes	211	(7)
Definition of Health	211	(1)
Importance of Independence	211	(1)
Physical Disabilities	212	(4)
Role Changes in People Who Are Physically or Mentally Challenged	216	(1)
Summary	217	(1)
End of Life Issues	218	(5)
Terminal Illness	218	(2)
Hospice Care	220	(1)
Jobs and Professions	220	(1)
Summary	220	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	221	(2)
Nutrition	223	(10)
Basic Nutrition	223	(5)
Introduction to Basic Nutrition	223	(4)
Summary	227	(1)
Therapeutic Diets	228	(5)
Introduction to Therapeutic Diets	228	(3)
Summary	231	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	232	(1)
Measuring Vital Signs	233	(21)
Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration	233	(14)
Introduction to Vital Signs	234	(1)
Temperature	234	(6)
Pulse	240	(3)
Pulse Oximetry	243	(1)
Respiration	244	(2)
Recording Vital Signs	246	(1)
Summary	246	(1)
Blood Pressure	247	(7)
Blood Pressure	247	(4)
Palpating Blood Pressure	251	(1)
Summary	251	(2)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	253	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 11
Controlling Infection	254	(19)
The Nature of Microorganisms	254	(5)
Introduction to Microorganisms	254	(3)
How Microorganisms Affect the Body	257	(1)
How Microorganisms Spread	257	(1)
Protection From Microorganisms	258	(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Infection	258	(1)
Summary	258	(1)
Asepsis and Standard Precautions	259	(6)
Introduction to Asepsis	259	(1)
Standard Precautions	260	(2)
Controlling the Spread of Infection	262	(2)
Summary	264	(1)
Transmission-Based Precautions	265	(8)
Introduction to Transmission-Based Precautions	265	(1)
Transmission-Based Precaution Rooms	266	(3)
Transmission-Based Precautions	269	(2)
Summary	271	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	272	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 12
Patient and Employee Safety	273	(35)
General Safety and Injury and Illness Prevention	273	(6)
OSHA Standards	274	(3)
General Safety	277	(2)
Summary	279	(1)
Patient Safety	279	(4)
Identifying the Patient	279	(1)
Ambulation Devices	280	(1)
Transporting Devices	280	(1)
Postural Supports	280	(2)
Side Rails	282	(1)
Summary	282	(1)
Disaster Preparedness	283	(2)
Disaster Plan	283	(1)
Fire Causes and Prevention	284	(1)
Bioterrorism	284	(1)
Summary	284	(1)
Principles of Body Mechanics	285	(3)
Body Mechanics	285	(2)
Summary	287	(1)
First Aid	288	(20)
Introduction to First Aid	288	(1)
General Principles of First Aid	289	(1)
Life-Threatening Situations	289	(11)
Non-Life-Threatening Situations	300	(1)
Dressings and Bandages	301	(5)
Summary	306	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	307	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 13
Employability and Leadership	308	(17)
Job-Seeking Skills	308	(7)
Finding a Job	308	(1)
Your Vocational Portfolio	308	(1)
Places to Seek Employment	308	(2)
Ways to Contact an Employer	310	(3)
Interview	313	(2)
Summary	315	(1)
Keeping a Job	315	(3)
Responsibilities	316	(1)
Summary	317	(1)
Becoming a Professional Leader	318	(7)
Membership in an Organization	318	(3)
Professional Organizations	321	(1)
Leadership	321	(1)
Summary	322	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	323	(2)
Part 2 Multidisciplinary Skills	325	(390)
Nurse Assistant/Patient Caregiver	326	(112)
Basic Care Skills/OBRA Standards/Long-Term Care	326	(104)
Responsibilities of a Long-Term Care Nurse Assistant	327	(2)
Admission	329	(3)
Height and Weight	332	(4)
Transfer	336	(1)
Discharge	336	(2)
Standard Precautions	338	(1)
Morning and Evening Care (AM and PM Care)	338	(3)
Skin Management	341	(2)
Oral Hygiene	343	(5)
Offering the Urinal and/or Bedpan	348	(3)
Movement and Ambulation of the Resident	351	(7)
Positioning and Body Alignment	358	(6)
Range of Motion	364	(4)
Bathing the Resident	368	(10)
Care of Hair and Nails	378	(2)
Shaving the Resident	380	(2)
Dressing and Undressing the Resident	382	(1)
Prosthetic Devices	382	(1)
Bedmaking	382	(6)
Feeding the Resident	388	(6)
Measuring Intake and Output	394	(4)
Special Procedures	398	(9)
Incontinent Resident	407	(5)
Specimen Collection	412	(8)
Diabetes Mellitus	420	(1)
Therapies	421	(1)
Special Precautions	421	(2)
Special Care Devices	423	(5)
Terminal and Postmortem Care	428	(2)
Advanced Roles/Sub-Acute Care	430	(8)
Sub-Acute Care	430	(1)
Responsibilities of a Sub-Acute Nurse Assistant	430	(1)
Postoperative Care	431	(1)
Wound Care and Observation	431	(1)
How Wounds Heal	432	(1)
Intravenous Therapy	433	(1)
Tracheostomy Care	434	(1)
Multiple Trauma and Head Injuries	434	(3)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	437	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 15
Home Health Aide	438	(13)
Responsibilities of a Home Health Aide	439	(1)
Home Health Care Agencies	439	(1)
Working With Clients in the Home	439	(6)
Sterilization in the Home	445	(1)
Maintaining a Clean Environment	445	(2)
Safety in the Home	447	(1)
Shopping and Planning for Meals	448	(2)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	450	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 16
Electrocardiogram Technician	451	(15)
Responsibilities of an EKG/ECG Technician	452	(1)
Electrocardiograph	452	(5)
Performing an EKG/ECG	457	(3)
Artifacts	460	(2)
Mounting the EKG/ECG	462	(1)
Holter Monitoring	462	(2)
Jobs and Professions	464	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	465	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 17
Laboratory Assistant/Medical Assistant Laboratory Skills; Phlebotomist	466	(57)
Laboratory Skills	466	(46)
Responsibilities of a Laboratory Assistant/Medical Assistant	467	(1)
Laboratory Standards	468	(3)
Laboratory Tests	471	(2)
Laboratory Equipment	473	(3)
Urinalysis	476	(7)
Sputum Collection	483	(1)
Stool Collection	484	(2)
Laboratory Cultures	486	(7)
Blood, Blood Composition, and Blood Testing	493	(19)
Phlebotomist	512	(11)
Responsibilities of a Phlebotomist	513	(1)
About Blood	513	(1)
Preparing to Draw Blood	514	(1)
Drawing Blood	515	(6)
Jobs and Professions	521	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	522	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 18
Physical Therapy Aide	523	(16)
The Physical Therapy Department	524	(1)
Responsibilities of a Physical Therapy Aide	524	(1)
Preparing Patients/Clients for Therapy	524	(4)
Guarding Techniques	528	(2)
Exercising	530	(1)
Rehabilitation Equipment	530	(7)
Jobs and Professions	537	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	538	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 19
Central Supply/Central Processing Worker	539	(11)
The Central Supply Department	540	(1)
Responsibilities of a Central Supply Worker	540	(1)
Standard Precautions	540	(1)
Decontamination	540	(2)
Preparation Area	542	(4)
Sterilization	546	(2)
Inventory and Distribution	548	(1)
Jobs and Professions	548	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	549	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 20
Environmental Services Technician/Housekeeper	550	(20)
Responsibilities of an EVS/Housekeeper	551	(1)
Abbreviations	551	(1)
Care and Cleaning of Equipment	552	(2)
General Cleaning Duties	554	(4)
Cleaning Rooms That Are Occupied by Patients	558	(2)
Cleaning Unoccupied Rooms	560	(4)
Cleaning Specialized Areas	564	(1)
Cleaning Sterile Areas	565	(1)
Cleaning Public Areas	566	(1)
Maintaining the Linen Area	566	(2)
Jobs and Professions	568	(1)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	569	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 21
Health Information Technician	570	(33)
Responsibilities of a Health Information Technician	571	(1)
Customer Service	571	(4)
Scheduling	575	(5)
Registration	580	(2)
Filing Systems	582	(4)
Fees	586	(1)
Billing	587	(3)
Collections	590	(1)
Bookkeeping	591	(2)
Checks (Payable/Receivable)	593	(1)
Payroll	593	(6)
Petty Cash Fund	599	(1)
Supplies	600	(1)
Business Equipment	600	(2)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	602	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 22
Clinical Medical Assistant	603	(71)
Responsibilities of a Medical Assistant	604	(1)
Taking Measurements	605	(7)
Standard Precautions	612	(1)
Assisting With Examinations	613	(26)
Breast Self-Examination: A New Approach	639	(2)
Pediatrics	641	(1)
Minor Surgical Procedures	641	(6)
Public Health Reporting	647	(1)
Pharmacology and Medication Administration	647	(22)
Immunity and Immunizations	669	(4)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	673	(1)
Procedures List for Chapter 23
Dental Assistant	674	(41)
Responsibilities of a Dental Assistant	675	(1)
Dental Specialties	675	(1)
Introduction to Dentistry	676	(1)
Odontology	676	(1)
Introduction to the Teeth and Oral Cavity	676	(3)
Anatomy of the Tooth	679	(3)
Charting Conditions of the Teeth	682	(8)
Dental Equipment	690	(3)
Infection Control	693	(2)
Basic Setup for Dental Procedures	695	(1)
Basic Chairside Assisting Skills During Dental Treatment	695	(1)
Oral Examination	696	(4)
Oral Evacuation/Rinsing and Drying Techniques	700	(2)
Study Models	702	(5)
Assisting During Basic Restorative Procedures	707	(1)
Oral Hygiene	707	(1)
Teaching Oral Hygiene	707	(2)
Dental Radiographs	709	(4)
Chapter Review: Your Link to Success	713	(2)
Procedures List for Chapter 24
Glossary	715	(10)
Index	725

Excerpts

The increase in longevity and changes in the health care system create an increased need for educated and skilled health care workers. This need for health care workers is expected to continue its growth well into the twenty-first century. Gerontology, rehabilitation, ambulatory care, outpatient services, and managed care are expected to show the greatest growth. The occupations that service these high growth areas include: dental assistants, long-term care nursing assistants, nursing assistants with advanced skills, assistive personnel, home health care aides, medical assistants, laboratory assistants/phlebotomists, physical therapy aides, food service workers, environmental service workers, electrocardiogram technicians, and central supply/central processing workers. Demand for multidisciplinary health care workers is high due to the increasing need to provide appropriate care and customer service that meet patient/client needs and new budgetary restraints. These multiskilled workers may work under a variety of job titles ranging from Unlicensed Assistive Personnel to Assistive Caregivers to Patient Care Partners. Because preventive health is a key component in twenty-first century health care, preventive health care and patient teaching are emphasized throughout the text. The qualities and values required to become an outstanding health care worker are also interwoven throughout the text and learning system materials. All of the information in this textbook has been carefully reviewed and updated. New areas of emphasis address the continuing changes in healthcare, such as subacute care and assistive caregiving for acute care. A uniquelearning systemdivides the text into two parts. The first part, Basic Knowledge and Skills, chapters one through fourteen, includes the basic information all health care workers must have to work in any department within the health care environment. The second part, Multidisciplinary Skills, chapters fifteen through twenty-four, spans a variety of entry-level occupations. Students can select one occupational area or several occupational areas in Part Two, allowing them an opportunity to become a multiskilled health worker. Thislearning systemalso provides all areas of training required by the 1987 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA), it addresses the National Standards, and allows for state differences in curriculum and JACHO Standards such as age-specific communication. The changing requirements for health care presents educators and students alike with ever-changing challenges.Introduction to Health Occupations, Sixth Edition,helps meet the needs of not only the health care system, but all levels of students, from secondary and postsecondary to English as a second language (ESL) students. New to the Sixth Edition New features have been added to strengthen student instruction with more practice in hands-on exercises and enhanced visual learning, team building, communication, multicultural competence and familiarity with new technology. These features Provide auditory learners with anaudio glossaryon thefree CD-ROM and the Companion Website ( www.prenhall.com/badasch ) Increase hands-on opportunities with a new"Learn by Doing"component at the end of each unit Help visual learners withnew tables, charts and boxes Add clarity by opening every procedure with arationale Give enhanced documentation exposure withcharting examples Enhance the "Thinking Critically" segment at the end of each chapter with new kinds of activities, including those related topatient satisfaction, patient advocacy, time management, and safety Strengthen portfolios by adding a"Portfolio Tip"at the end of every chapter Broaden the scope of activities away from written reports and towardgr