Introduction to Human Services : Through the Eyes of Practice Settings

by Martin, Michelle E

• ISBN13: 9780205439614
• ISBN10: 0205439616
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Introduction to Human Services, First Edition By:Michelle Martin (Judson College) Overview: This highly readable human services text offers a generalist view of the breadth and scope of human services. Features: Ten practice settings are explored in depth, including the history and role of the human service professional, common clinical issues, and intervention strategies used within a given practice setting. A chapter on faith-based agencies, a long neglected practice setting, focuses on agencies from three of the worldrs"s major religions. Native American issues, including a history of governmental oppression, are covered. A comprehensive chapter on Macro Practice addresses this growing and important field, including social injustice such as crimes against women and children, hate crimes, sweatshops, human sex trafficking, FGM, and economic injustice in developing countries. What Reviewers Are Saying: "The strengths of this new text include the depth and breadth of topics presented; the application of information to real cases; the comprehensive look at the nature and qualifications of the profession; and the organization of the material. I would definitely consider using this text for my introductory course in human services." --Joyce Clohessey, Westmoreland County Community College "The approach taken by Martin is refreshing, as it ls"cuts to the chasers" of the helping profession. Many students enter the field of helping with only an abstract sense of their career path. Martinrs"s approach would assist students in having a more concrete view of the populations and issues in the helping professions as well as the individual skills and knowledge base needed by the professional. I especially enjoy the idea of having more information on faith based work, as many of my students express an interest in this area." --Stephanie Ziegler Briggs, Central Piedmont Community College [ Insert MyHelpingLab Advertisement ]

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
part one Human Services as a Profession	1	(34)
Introduction to the Human Services Profession: Purpose, Preparation, Practice, and Theoretical Orientations	2	(18)
The Many Types of Human Service Professionals	3	(2)
Why Is Human Services Needed?	5	(2)
Human Service Professionals: Educational Requirements and Professional Standards	7	(4)
Human Service Education and Licensure	9	(2)
Duties and Functions of a Human Service Professional	11	(2)
How Do Human Service Professionals Practice?	13	(4)
Theoretical Frameworks Used in Human Services	14	(2)
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory	16	(1)
PIE---Person in Environment	17	(1)
Eco-Systems Theory	17	(1)
Understanding Human Services through a Look at Practice Settings	17	(3)
History and Evolution of the Human Services Profession	20	(15)
The Feudal System of the Middle Ages	21	(1)
Poor Laws of England	22	(2)
The Elizabethan Poor Laws	24	(2)
Charity Organization Societies	26	(1)
Jane Addams and the Settlement House Movement	27	(3)
Influences of African-American Social Workers	30	(1)
The New Deal and the Social Security Act of 1935	31	(1)
Concluding Thoughts on the History of Human Services	32	(3)
part two Clinical Issues and the Role of the Human Service Professional	35	(344)
Skills and Intervention Strategies for Generalist Practice	36	(24)
Informed Consent and Confidentiality	38	(2)
The Limits of Confidentiality	38	(2)
Skills and Competencies	40	(5)
Sympathy and Empathy	40	(2)
Boundary Setting	42	(2)
The Hallmarks of Personal Growth	44	(1)
The Clinical Assessment	45	(3)
Patience	46	(1)
Active Listening Skills	47	(1)
Observation Skills	48	(1)
Family Genograms	48	(2)
Psychological Testing	50	(1)
Clinical Diagnoses	50	(3)
Criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR	51	(1)
Continuum of Mental Health	52	(1)
Case Management and Counseling	53	(1)
Basic Counseling Techniques for Generalist Practice	53	(5)
Task-Centered Casework	54	(3)
Perceptual Reframing, Emotional Regulation, Networking, and Advocacy	57	(1)
Concluding Thoughts on Generalist Practice	58	(2)
Child and Family Services	60	(48)
Overview and Purpose of Child and Family Services Agencies	61	(1)
The History of the Foster Care System in the United States	62	(6)
The U.S. Orphan Problem	63	(1)
The Orphan Asylum	64	(1)
The Seeds of Foster Care: The Orphan Trains	65	(3)
Overview of the Current U.S. Child Welfare System	68	(3)
Getting into the System	70	(1)
Child Abuse Investigations	71	(5)
Mandated Reporters	71	(1)
Sequence of Events in the Reporting and Investigation of Child Abuse	72	(1)
Types of Child Maltreatment	73	(1)
The Forensic Interview	74	(1)
To Intervene, or Not Intervene: Models for Decision Making	75	(1)
Working with Children in Placement	76	(5)
Permanency Plans	76	(2)
Working with Biological Families	78	(2)
Biological Parents and Their Children: Maintaining the Connection	80	(1)
Working with Foster Children: Common Clinical Issues	81	(5)
Separation	82	(1)
Loss, Grief, and Mourning	83	(1)
Identity Issues	83	(1)
Continuity of Family Ties	84	(1)
Crisis	85	(1)
Working with Foster Parents	86	(1)
Reunification	87	(1)
Family Preservation	88	(1)
Minority Populations and Multicultural Considerations	89	(5)
Placing Children of Color in Caucasian Homes	91	(1)
Native Americans and the U.S. Child Welfare System	92	(2)
Concluding Thoughts on Child Protective Services	94	(1)
Adoption Services	95	(9)
Domestic Adoption	95	(2)
Independent Adoption	97	(1)
Private Agency Adoptions	97	(4)
International Adoption	101	(1)
Special-Needs Adoption	102	(2)
Concluding Thoughts on Child and Family Services	104	(4)
Adolescent Services	108	(24)
Adolescence: A New Stage of Development?	110	(1)
Developmental Perspectives	111	(2)
Common Clinical Issues and the Role of the Human Service Professional	113	(12)
Abstract Reasoning: A Dangerous Weapon in the Hands of an Adolescent	113	(1)
Adolescent Rebellion	114	(1)
Externalizing Behaviors	115	(1)
Internalizing Behaviors	116	(6)
Eating Disorders in the Adolescent Population	122	(1)
Schizophrenia in the Adolescent Population	123	(1)
Other Clinical Issues Affecting the Adolescent Population	124	(1)
Practice Settings Specific to Adolescent Treatment	125	(2)
Multicultural Considerations	127	(1)
Concluding Thoughts on Adolescents	128	(4)
Aging and Services for the Elderly	132	(30)
The Aging of America: Changing Demographics	135	(1)
Old and Old-Old: A Developmental Perspective	136	(2)
Successful Aging	138	(1)
Current Issues Affecting the Elderly and the Role of the Human Service Professional	139	(17)
Ageism	140	(2)
Housing	142	(2)
Homelessness and the Elderly Population	144	(1)
Adjustment to Retirement	145	(3)
Grandparents Parenting	148	(4)
Depression	152	(1)
Dementia	153	(1)
Elder Abuse	154	(2)
Practice Settings Serving the Elderly	156	(1)
Special Populations	157	(1)
Concluding Thoughts on Services to the Elderly	158	(4)
Mental Health and Mental Illness	162	(34)
The History of Mental Illness: Perceptions and Treatment	164	(3)
The Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally III	166	(1)
Common Mental Illnesses and Clinical Issues	167	(8)
Serious Mental Disorders Diagnosed on Axis I	168	(1)
Psychotic Disorders	168	(1)
Affective Disorders	169	(3)
Serious Mental Disorders Diagnosed on Axis II	172	(3)
Mental Health Practice Settings and Counseling Interventions	175	(6)
Intervention Strategies	176	(2)
Common Practice Settings	178	(3)
Mental Illness and Special Populations	181	(8)
Mental Illness and the Homeless Population	181	(2)
Mental Illness and the Prison Population: The Criminalization of the Mentally III	183	(4)
Mental Health Courts	187	(1)
Multicultural Considerations	188	(1)
Current Legislation Affecting Access to Mental Health Services	189	(4)
Mental Health Parity Act of 1996	189	(1)
The President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health	190	(3)
Concluding Thoughts on Mental Health and Mental Illness	193	(3)
Homelessness	196	(28)
The Nature of Homelessness: How Many People are Homeless and Why	197	(4)
The Causes of Homelessness	199	(2)
History of Homelessness in the United States	201	(3)
The Contemporary Picture of Homelessness: The Rise of Single-Parent Families	204	(7)
Homeless Shelter Living for Families with Children	206	(1)
Homeless Children: School Attendance and Academic Performance	207	(1)
Runaway Youth	208	(2)
Single Men, the Mentally III, and Substance Abuse	210	(1)
The Elderly Homeless	210	(1)
Current Policies and Legislation	211	(3)
The Role of the Human Service Professional: Working with the Homeless Population: Common Clinical Issues	214	(7)
Common Practice Settings for Working with the Homeless Population	219	(2)
Concluding Thoughts on Homelessness	221	(3)
Health Care and Hospice	224	(30)
Human Services in Hospitals	225	(9)
Crisis and Trauma Counseling	228	(2)
Working with Patients with HIV/AIDS	230	(4)
The Hospice Movement	234	(3)
The History of Hospice: The Neglect of the Dying	234	(1)
The Hospice Philosophy	235	(1)
The Hospice Team	236	(1)
The Role of the Hospice Human Services Worker	237	(7)
The Psychosocial Assessment	237	(1)
Intervention Strategies	238	(1)
Case Management and Counseling Services	239	(1)
Resisting the Reality of the Death	240	(1)
Planning for the Death	241	(1)
The Spiritual Component of Dying	242	(2)
Death and Dying: Effective Bereavement Counseling	244	(3)
The Journey Through Grief: A Task-Centered Approach	244	(3)
Multicultural Issues	247	(1)
Ethical Dilemmas in Hospice Care	248	(2)
Concluding Thoughts on Human Services in Hospice Settings	250	(4)
Substance Abuse and Treatment	254	(34)
History of the Practice Setting	256	(1)
History of Use and Early Treatment Efforts within the United States	256	(3)
The Prohibition Movement	258	(1)
The Rise of Modern Addiction Treatment in the United States	259	(1)
Demographics, Prevalence, and Usage Patterns	259	(2)
Defining Terms and Concepts	261	(1)
Theoretical Models of Use and Abuse	262	(3)
Types of Substances Abused	265	(3)
Abuse of Prescription Drugs	266	(2)
Common Clinical Issues and the Role of the Human Service Professional	268	(2)
The Presence of Substance Abuse Across All Practice Settings	268	(1)
Acceptance of Problem	268	(1)
Hitting Bottom	269	(1)
Clinical Interventions	270	(2)
Motivational Interviewing	271	(1)
Cultural Sensitivity	272	(1)
Defining Treatment Goals	273	(1)
Abstinence	273	(1)
Harm Reduction	273	(1)
Mode of Service Delivery	274	(3)
Availability of Treatment	274	(1)
Public Programs	274	(1)
Private Programs	274	(1)
Continuum of Care	275	(2)
Treatment Modalities	277	(1)
The Role of the Human Services Professional	277	(1)
Stages of Recovery	278	(1)
Relapse Prevention	279	(1)
Common Treatment Settings	279	(5)
Detoxification Programs	280	(1)
Inpatient Treatment Programs	280	(1)
Partial Hospitalization Programs	281	(1)
Residential Treatment Programs	281	(1)
Outpatient Treatment	282	(1)
Pharmacological Treatments	282	(1)
Self-Help	283	(1)
Family Involvement	283	(1)
Concluding Thoughts on Substance Abuse	284	(4)
Human Services in the Schools	288	(28)
School Social Work	290	(6)
The School Social Work Model	292	(1)
School Social Work Roles, Functions, and Core Competencies	292	(4)
School Counseling	296	(3)
Historical Roots of School Counseling	296	(1)
School Counselors: Professional Identity	297	(1)
The Urban Problem	297	(1)
Common Roles and Functions of School Counselors	298	(1)
School Psychologists	299	(13)
Common Clinical Issues and Effective Responses by Human Services Personnel	300	(1)
Depression and other Mental Health Concerns	300	(2)
Diversity and Race	302	(2)
Gay, Lesbian, and Transgendered Youth	304	(1)
The Terrorism Threat and the Impact of Living During Wartime	305	(1)
Substance Abuse	306	(2)
Child Abuse and Neglect	308	(1)
Teenage Pregnancy	308	(2)
ADD and ADHD	310	(2)
Concluding Thoughts on Schools	312	(4)
Faith-Based Agencies	316	(34)
Faith-Based versus Secular Organizations	318	(2)
Faith-Based Community Initiatives Act	320	(1)
Methods of Practice in Faith-Based Agencies	321	(3)
The Benefits of Faith-Based Services	322	(1)
Religious Diversity in Faith-Based Organizations	323	(1)
Faith-Based Agencies: Services and Intervention Strategies	324	(23)
Jewish Human Services: Agencies and the Role of the Human Services Professional	324	(1)
United Jewish Communities: The Federations of North America	325	(1)
Association of Jewish Family Services and Children's Agencies	326	(6)
Christian Human Services: Agencies and the Role of the Human Services Professional	332	(2)
Rural Communities and the Black Church	334	(1)
Catholic Charities	334	(2)
Prison Fellowship Ministries	336	(1)
Teen Challenge	337	(4)
Islamic Human Services: Agencies and the Role of the Human Services Professional	341	(3)
Islamic Social Services Association	344	(1)
Inner-City Muslim Action Network	344	(1)
Muslim Family Services	344	(3)
Concluding Thoughts on Faith-Based Human Services Agencies	347	(3)
Violence, Victim Advocacy, and Corrections	350	(29)
Domestic Violence	352	(9)
The Nature of Domestic Violence: The Cycle of Violence	353	(1)
Counseling Victims of Domestic Violence	354	(1)
Whose Fault Is It Anyway? Attributing Causality of Abuse in the Relationship	354	(2)
Does She Stay or Does She Go?	356	(1)
Domestic Violence Practice Settings	357	(1)
The Prosecution of Domestic Violence	358	(1)
Batterers Programs	359	(2)
Sexual Assault	361	(3)
Why People Commit Rape	361	(1)
The Psychological Impact of Sexual Assault	362	(1)
Male-on-Male Sexual Assault	362	(1)
Common Practice Settings: Rape Crisis Centers	363	(1)
Victims of Violent Crime	364	(5)
The Victims' Bill of Rights	365	(1)
Victim-Witness Assistance	365	(2)
Surviving Victims of Homicide	367	(1)
Common Clinical Issues When Working with Victims of All Violent Crime	368	(1)
Perpetrators of Crime	368	(1)
Gang Activity	369	(1)
Risk Factors of Gang Involvement	369	(2)
Human Services Practice Settings Focusing on Gang Involvement	370	(1)
Human Services in Prison Settings	371	(1)
The War on Drugs	371	(4)
Clinical Issues in the Prison Population: The Role of the Human Services Professional	372	(1)
Mental Health Programs in Correctional Facilities	373	(1)
Prison and Pregnancy	373	(1)
STDs and AIDS	373	(1)
Barriers to Treatment	374	(1)
Concluding Thoughts on Corrections Human Services	375	(4)
part three Macro Practice, Ethics, and Future Considerations	379	(41)
Macro Practice and International Social Justice	380	(28)
Why Macro Practice?	382	(2)
Vulnerable and Oppressed Populations	384	(4)
Mobilizing for Change: Shared Goals of Effective Macro Practice Techniques	388	(3)
Common Aspects of Macro Practice	388	(1)
Community Development	388	(1)
Community Organizing	389	(1)
Policy Practice	390	(1)
The Global Community: International Human Services	391	(13)
HIV/AIDS Pandemic	394	(1)
Crimes Against Women and Children	394	(1)
Female Genital Mutilation	394	(1)
Human Sex Trafficking	395	(1)
Street Children	396	(1)
Child Labor and Economic Injustice	397	(3)
Indigenous People	400	(1)
Torture and Abuse	401	(1)
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Rights	402	(2)
Macro Practice in Action	404	(4)
Professional Ethics and Values in Human Services	408	(12)
Moral, But by Whose Standards?	410	(1)
Ethical Values vs. Emotional Desires: ``I Know It Was Wrong, But We Were in Love!''	410	(1)
When Our Values Collide: ``I Value Honesty, But What If Lives Are at Stake?''	411	(1)
The Development of Moral Reasoning	412	(1)
Developing a Professional Code of Ethics	413	(1)
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas	414	(1)
Cultural Influences on the Perception of Ethical Behavior	415	(1)
Ethical Standards in Human Services	415	(3)
Closing Thoughts on Professional Ethics	418	(2)
Epilogue: The Future of Human Services	420	(2)
Avoiding Professional Burnout	420	(1)
Human Services and Technology	421	(1)
Increased Need for Services	422	(1)
Glossary Terms	422	(7)
Index	429