In this new edition of a classic textbook, Martin Montgomery explores some of the ways in which the life of language intermingles with the life of society. He explores the ways in which children learn language in interaction with those around them, thereby developing a crucial resource for making sense of their world. He considers the function of language in everyday encounters and in shaping social relations. Finally he looks at the ways in which our habitual ways of seeing and engaging with the world may be shaped by the categories, systems and patterns of our language. The third edition: addresses the technological changes which have taken place since the book was first published and assesses their impact on the media and the ways in which we communicate with each other - from the internet and email to text messaging and hip-hop provides a more international perspective, for example through heavier reference to American, Australian and IndianEnglish provides weblinks to support the updated bibliography and further reading sections, and more developed exercises and activities in each chapter.

Preface to the second edition	p. xiii
Preface to the third edition	p. xv
Acknowledgements	p. xvii
Transcription conventions	p. xix
Introduction	p. 1
Background sources and further reading	p. 8
The Develoment of Language	p. 11
The beginnings of language development	p. 13
Learning language: the first words	p. 13
Some precursors of language development	p. 15
The early communicative expressions as a protolanguage	p. 18
From protolanguage to holophrases	p. 22
Two-word utterances as the beginnings of syntax	p. 24
Basic meaning relations during the two-word phase	p. 27
A problem of method	p. 30
Background sources and further reading	p. 33
Follow-up activities	p. 35
Dialogue and language development	p. 41
Further developments in meaning	p. 41
The child's strategies for dialogue: establishing shared attention	p. 46
Further dialogic strategies: responses	p. 47
Ideational and interpersonal developments are closely interdependent	p. 49
Dialogue as an arena for language development	p. 51
Theoretical paradigms of language development	p. 62
Conclusion	p. 66
Background sources and further reading	p. 67
Follow-up activities	p. 68
Lingustic Diversity and the Speech Community	p. 71
Language and regional variation: accent and dialect	p. 73
Regional variation within a speech community	p. 73
Regional variation and social structure	p. 74
The social stratification of pronunciation	p. 75
Shifts in pronunciation according to situation	p. 76
Attitudes to pronunciation within the speech community	p. 76
Working-class loyalty to non-prestige forms	p. 77
'Hypercorrection' in the lower middle class	p. 78
How do some patterns of pronunciation become the prestige forms?	p. 78
Accents as a residue of earlier dialect differences	p. 79
Factors underlying the survival of accents	p. 80
Accent evaluation	p. 82
Accents in television advertisements	p. 83
Changing attitudes to accents	p. 83
Surviving dialect differences	p. 85
Dialect levelling and 'Estuary English'	p. 87
Background sources and further reading	p. 89
Follow-up activities	p. 91
Language and ethnicity	p. 95
Language variation and ethnicity	p. 95
Linguistic markers of African-Caribbean identity	p. 97
Origins and emergence of Caribbean Creole	p. 98
Some linguistic differences between Jamaican Creole and Standard English	p. 99
Social situation and the use of Creole	p. 100
Asymmetrical selection of Creole forms within the African-Caribbean community	p. 101
The continuance of Creole	p. 103
Emphasising ethnicity in speech	p. 104
Youth, subcultures and 'crossing' ethnicity	p. 105
Background sources and further reading	p. 106
Follow-up activities	p. 108
Language and subcultures: anti-language	p. 113
Anti-language	p. 113
Linguistic features of an anti-language	p. 113
Rapping and anti-language	p. 115
Anti-language and social structure	p. 117
Anti-language and the speech community	p. 119
Background sources and further reading	p. 119
Follow-up activities	p. 120
Language and situation: register	p. 123
Language is sensitive to its context of situation	p. 123
Register	p. 125
Conclusion	p. 148
Background sources and further reading	p. 148
Follow-up activities	p. 151
Language and social class: restricted and elaborated speech variants	p. 159
Language and social class	p. 159
Restricted and elaborated speech variants	p. 160
Two kinds of social formation	p. 164
Role systems and codes	p. 165
Codes and social class	p. 166
Reactions	p. 168
An alternative hypothesis	p. 169
Background sources and further reading	p. 169
Follow-up activities	p. 171
Language and gender	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
'Gender' versus 'sex'	p. 173
Do men and women talk differently? The claims and the evidence	p. 177
Conclusions: difference and dominance	p. 192
Background sources and further reading	p. 198
Follow-up activities	p. 199
Linguistic diversity and the speech community: conclusion	p. 201
The speech community	p. 201
Diversity in language	p. 202
The relationship of the standard dialect to other varieties	p. 203
Communicative styles, subcultures, and the speech community	p. 204
Conclusions: language and community	p. 210
Background sources and further reading	p. 213
Language and Social Interaction	p. 215
Language and social interaction	p. 217
Doing things with words: utterances perform actions	p. 218
The normal coherence of talk: the actions performed by utterances typically cohere, one with another	p. 219
Formats for providing coherence: the two-part structure or 'adjacency pair'	p. 220
How do we recognize what an utterance is doing: in particular, what counts as a question?	p. 221
Doing things with words: managing the discourse	p. 231
Social relations and the management of discourse	p. 235
Social relations, language, and culture	p. 236
Conclusion	p. 241
Background sources and further reading	p. 242
Follow-up activities	p. 245
Language and Representation	p. 247
Language and representation	p. 249
Language and representation	p. 249
Two conflicting positions: the 'universalist' versus the 'relativist'	p. 250
Vocabulary differences between languages	p. 251
Grammatical differences between languages	p. 252
Difficulties in the relativist position	p. 253
The 'interested' character of linguistic representation	p. 254
The vocabulary of modern warfare	p. 257
After 9/11	p. 262
Sentences and representation	p. 266
Transitivity and the depiction of civil disorder	p. 269
Industrial disputes and civil disorder: the miners' strike (1984-5) and the Paris riots (2007)	p. 271
Language in the news: violent men and crimes against women	p. 277
Conclusions	p. 280
Background sources and further reading	p. 283
Follow-up activities	p. 286
References	p. 289
Index	p. 305
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