Introduction to Law

by Hames, Joanne Banker; Ekern, Yvonne B

• ISBN13: 9780131183810
• ISBN10: 0131183818
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Hames and Ekernrs"sIntroduction to Law, 2e will teach students the basic legal concepts related to substantive and procedural law, introduces them to cases, statutes, and the constitution, and develops their legal vocabulary and analytical skills. A new chapter on constitutional law, expanded coverage of employment and environmental law, and information on technology makes this an excellent resource for any Introduction to Law course for all disciplines of study including pre-law, legal studies, and business programs. Using this text, your students will learn how to develop their own critical-thinking skills, read high-interest cases, expand their legal vocabulary and discuss case law and issues impacting todayrs"s legal system

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xxi
About the Authors	xxiii
PART ONE: THE LEGAL SYSTEM
The Legal Community and Professional Responsibility	1	(26)
Chapter Outline	1	(1)
Technology Corner	1	(1)
Chapter Objectives	2	(1)
Case File: People v. Terry Jacobs	2	(1)
Introduction	2	(1)
The Legal Profession	3	(1)
Lawyers	3	(1)
The Practice of Law	3	(1)
The Paralegal Profession	4	(7)
Paralegals in the Legal Environment	4	(2)
Independent Paralegals	6	(1)
Regulation of Paralegals	6	(3)
Paralegal Education	9	(1)
Paralegals as Professionals	9	(2)
Legal Support Staff	11	(2)
Legal Secretaries	11	(1)
Law Clerks	12	(1)
Other Support Staff	12	(1)
Court Personnel	13	(1)
Judges	13	(1)
Court Clerks	13	(1)
Court Reporters	13	(1)
Bailiffs	14	(1)
Agency Personnel	14	(1)
Professional Organizations	15	(1)
American Bar Association (ABA)	15	(1)
State Bar Associations	15	(1)
Local Bar Associations	15	(1)
American Trial Lawyers Association (ATLA)	15	(1)
National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA)	16	(1)
National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA)	16	(1)
American Association for Paralegal Education (AAfPE)	16	(1)
Local Paralegal Associations	16	(1)
Ethical Responsibilities	16	(11)
Confidentiality	17	(1)
Competency	18	(1)
Conflict of Interest	18	(3)
Attorney Fees and Trust Accounts	21	(1)
Diligence	21	(1)
Communication with Opposing Parties	22	(1)
Unauthorized Practice of Law	22	(2)
Featured Web Site	24	(1)
Around the World	24	(1)
Chapter Summary	25	(1)
Terms to Remember	25	(1)
Questions for Review	25	(1)
Questions for Analysis	25	(1)
Assignments and Projects	26	(1)
Skills Assessment	26	(1)
The American Legal System	27	(26)
Chapter Outline	27	(1)
Technology Corner	27	(1)
Chapter Objectives	28	(1)
Case File: The Eberhardt Matters	28	(1)
Introduction	28	(1)
Federalism---The Relationship Between Federal and State Government	29	(8)
Powers of the Federal Government	29	(3)
Powers of the State Government	32	(1)
Exclusive and Concurrent Powers of Federal and State Governments	32	(1)
Conflicts Between Federal and State Law---The Supremacy Clause	33	(1)
The Supremacy Clause and the Bill of Rights	34	(3)
The Federal Government and the Legal System	37	(1)
Executive Branch	37	(1)
Legislative Branch	37	(1)
Judicial Branch	38	(1)
State Governments and the Legal System	38	(3)
The Courts and Their Roles	41	(12)
The Federal Court System	41	(1)
Federal District Courts	41	(3)
Federal Appellate Courts	44	(2)
The U.S. Supreme Court	46	(2)
The Courts and Technology	48	(1)
Federal Judges	49	(1)
State Court Systems	49	(1)
State Court Judges	50	(1)
Featured Web Site	50	(1)
Around the World	51	(1)
Chapter Summary	51	(1)
Terms to Remember	51	(1)
Questions for Review	51	(1)
Questions for Analysis	52	(1)
Assignments and Projects	52	(1)
Skills Assessment	52	(1)
Laws: Their Sources	53	(20)
Chapter Outline	53	(1)
Technology Corner	53	(1)
Chapter Objectives	54	(1)
Case File: People v. Rambeaux	54	(1)
Introduction	54	(1)
Constitutional Law	55	(2)
The Federal Constitution	55	(1)
State Constitutions	56	(1)
Case Law	57	(10)
Common Law	57	(1)
Case Law---Interpretation of Constitutional and Statutory Law	57	(3)
Case Law---The Power to Invalidate Statutory Law	60	(4)
Case Law---The Factual Controversy	64	(2)
Stare Decisis	66	(1)
Statutory Law	67	(2)
The Legislative Process---The Federal Government	67	(1)
The Legislative Process---States	68	(1)
Administrative Regulations	69	(4)
Featured Web Site	70	(1)
Around the World	71	(1)
Chapter Summary	71	(1)
Terms to Remember	71	(1)
Questions for Review	71	(1)
Questions for Analysis	71	(1)
Assignments and Projects	72	(1)
Skills Assessment	72	(1)
Finding the Law: Legal Research	73	(21)
Chapter Outline	73	(1)
Technology Corner	73	(1)
Chapter Objectives	74	(1)
Case File: The Welch Family Law Matter	74	(1)
Introduction	75	(1)
Before You Begin	75	(3)
Know the Facts	76	(1)
Analyze the Facts	76	(1)
Identify the Issues	76	(1)
Use the Relevant Facts to Define the Issues	77	(1)
Sort the Facts	77	(1)
Where to Begin the Research	78	(4)
Dictionaries	78	(1)
Encyclopedias	78	(2)
Form Books	80	(2)
Legal Periodicals	82	(1)
Treatises	82	(1)
Digests	82	(1)
Case Law	82	(9)
What Is a Case?	83	(1)
Where to Find Case Law	83	(1)
Federal Case Law	84	(1)
State Case Law	85	(1)
How to Read and Use Case Law	85	(6)
Statutory Law	91	(3)
Using Statutory Law	91	(1)
Featured Web Site	92	(1)
Around the World	92	(1)
Chapter Summary	92	(1)
Terms to Remember	92	(1)
Questions for Review	92	(1)
Questions for Analysis	93	(1)
Assignments and Projects	93	(1)
Skills Assessment	93	(1)
Using the Law: Analysis and Legal Writing	94	(24)
Chapter Outline	94	(1)
Technology Corner	94	(1)
Chapter Objectives	95	(1)
Case File: The Holmes Middle School Law Matter	95	(1)
Introduction	95	(1)
Approaching a Legal Research Analysis and Writing Project	96	(7)
Overview	96	(1)
Preparing a First Draft	96	(2)
Beginning the Writing Process	98	(4)
Keeping Legal Writing Simple	102	(1)
The Case Brief	103	(6)
The Components of a Case Brief	103	(5)
How to Write a Case Brief	108	(1)
The Legal Memorandum	109	(5)
Writing a Legal Memorandum	109	(1)
Citing Authorities	110	(4)
Persuasive Writing	114	(4)
Featured Web Site	116	(1)
Around the World	116	(1)
Chapter Summary	117	(1)
Terms to Remember	117	(1)
Questions for Review	117	(1)
Questions for Analysis	117	(1)
Assignments and Projects	117	(1)
Skills Assessment	117	(1)
PART TWO: LEGAL PRACTICE AND PRINCIPLES
Laws: Civil vs. Criminal	118	(24)
Chapter Outline	118	(1)
Technology Corner	118	(1)
Chapter Objectives	119	(1)
Case File: United States v. Rambeaux and Martinez v. Rambeaux	119	(1)
Introduction	119	(1)
Where Criminal and Civil Laws Are Found	120	(10)
Substantive Laws---Criminal	121	(1)
Substantive Laws---Civil	122	(4)
Procedural Rules---Criminal	126	(4)
Procedural Rules---Civil	130	(1)
How Criminal and Civil Cases Are Handled	130	(9)
The Parties	130	(1)
The Court	131	(1)
The Right to a Jury	131	(1)
The Right to an Attorney	132	(1)
Burden of Proof	133	(1)
The Verdict	133	(1)
The Punishment	133	(1)
The Right to Appeal	134	(5)
Quasi-Criminal Cases	139	(3)
Featured Web Site	139	(1)
Around the World	139	(1)
Chapter Summary	139	(1)
Terms to Remember	140	(1)
Questions for Review	140	(1)
Questions for Analysis	140	(1)
Assignments and Projects	140	(1)
Skills Assessment	141	(1)
Personal Injury Practice: Tort Law, Workers' Compensation and Environmental Law	142	(34)
Chapter Outline	142	(1)
Technology Corner	142	(1)
Chapter Objectives	143	(1)
Case File: The Greenly Personal Injury Case	143	(1)
Introduction	143	(1)
Tort Law in General	143	(1)
Intentional Torts	144	(8)
Personal Torts	144	(6)
Business Torts	150	(1)
Property Torts	150	(1)
Fraud	151	(1)
Defenses to Intentional Torts	152	(1)
Negligence	152	(9)
Negligence in General	152	(1)
Duty of Due Care	153	(1)
Breach of the Duty of Due Care	153	(1)
Actual Care	154	(1)
Proximate Cause	154	(1)
Damages	154	(3)
Types of Negligence Actions	157	(1)
Defenses to Negligence	158	(3)
Strict Liability	161	(2)
Dangerous Animals	162	(1)
Abnormally Dangerous Activities	162	(1)
Defective Products	162	(1)
Defenses to Strict Liability	163	(1)
Damages	163	(5)
Liability for Torts of Another	168	(1)
Personal Injury Practice	169	(1)
The Future of Tort Law and Personal Injury Practice	169	(1)
Workers' Compensation	169	(1)
Environmental Law	170	(6)
Featured Web Site	171	(1)
Around the World	172	(1)
Chapter Summary	172	(1)
Terms to Remember	172	(1)
Questions for Review	173	(1)
Questions for Analysis	173	(1)
Assignments and Projects	174	(1)
Skills Assessment	175	(1)
Family Law	176	(31)
Chapter Outline	176	(1)
Technology Corner	176	(1)
Chapter Objectives	177	(1)
Case File: The Holmes Family Law Matter	177	(1)
Introduction	177	(1)
Prenuptial Agreements	178	(2)
Terminating a Marriage	180	(2)
Nullity	181	(1)
Divorce/Dissolution	181	(1)
Legal Separation	181	(1)
Child Custody	182	(2)
Support	184	(5)
Child Support	184	(3)
Spousal Support	187	(2)
Property Concerns	189	(1)
Value and Division of Property	189	(1)
Family Law Court Proceedings	190	(8)
The Pleadings	190	(3)
Motions and Orders	193	(1)
Discovery	193	(5)
Settlement and Trial	198	(1)
Family Law Matters and Unmarried Parties	198	(9)
The Changing Face of Family Law	200	(4)
Around the World	204	(1)
Featured Web Site	204	(1)
Chapter Summary	205	(1)
Terms to Remember	205	(1)
Questions for Review	205	(1)
Questions for Analysis	205	(1)
Assignments and Projects	205	(1)
Skills Assessment	206	(1)
Wills, Trusts, and Probate	207	(33)
Chapter Outline	207	(1)
Technology Corner	207	(1)
Chapter Objectives	208	(1)
Case File: Holmes v. Holmes	208	(1)
Introduction	208	(1)
Wills	208	(1)
Preparation of a Will	209	(16)
The Opening Clauses	209	(1)
The Body of the Will	209	(7)
The Fiduciary Clause	216	(1)
The Closing Clauses	216	(1)
Changing the Will	216	(8)
Where There Is No Will	224	(1)
Trusts	225	(1)
What Is a Trust?	225	(1)
How to Create a Trust	225	(1)
Express Trusts	226	(1)
Living Trusts	226	(1)
Testamentary Trusts	226	(1)
Implied Trusts	226	(1)
Probate	226	(1)
Case Law Examples	227	(13)
Featured Web Site	238	(1)
Around the World	238	(1)
Chapter Summary	238	(1)
Terms to Remember	238	(1)
Questions for Review	238	(1)
Questions for Analysis	239	(1)
Assignments and Projects	239	(1)
Skills Assessment	239	(1)
Business Practice: Contract, Property, and Employment Law	240	(42)
Chapter Outline	240	(1)
Technology Corner	240	(1)
Chapter Objectives	241	(1)
Case File: The Kersch Matter	241	(1)
Introduction	241	(1)
Contract Law	241	(9)
Formation of Contracts	242	(3)
Performance of Contracts	245	(4)
Assignment of Contract Rights	249	(1)
Real Property Law	250	(6)
Ownership Interests in Real Property	251	(1)
Non-Ownership Interests in Real Property	252	(1)
Landlord/Tenant Law	253	(3)
Intellectual Property Law	256	(20)
Copyright Law	256	(9)
Patent Law	265	(1)
Trademark Law	266	(8)
Trade Secret Law	274	(2)
Employment Law	276	(6)
Creating the Employer-Employee Relationship	276	(1)
Rights and Obligations of Employers and Employees	276	(1)
Terminating the Employment Relationship	277	(1)
Employment Law and the Government	277	(2)
Featured Web Site	279	(1)
Around the World	280	(1)
Chapter Summary	280	(1)
Terms to Remember	280	(1)
Questions for Review	281	(1)
Questions for Analysis	281	(1)
Assignments and Projects	281	(1)
Skills Assessment	281	(1)
Business Practice: The Law of Business Organizations and Bankruptcy	282	(26)
Chapter Outline	282	(1)
Technology Corner	282	(1)
Chapter Objectives	283	(1)
Case File: The Hoppat's Business Matter	283	(1)
Introduction	283	(1)
Business Organizations	283	(1)
Sole Proprietorships	284	(1)
General Partnerships	284	(1)
Limited Partnerships	285	(3)
Corporations	288	(6)
Business Corporations	288	(1)
Professional Corporations	289	(1)
Close Corporations vs. Public Corporations	289	(1)
Nonprofit Corporations	289	(3)
Piercing the Corporate Veil	292	(1)
Security Regulations	293	(1)
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	294	(1)
Corporate Practice	294	(1)
Limited Liability Partnerships	294	(1)
Limited Liability Companies	295	(2)
Bankruptcy Law	297	(11)
Featured Web Site	305	(1)
Around the World	305	(1)
Chapter Summary	305	(1)
Terms to Remember	306	(1)
Questions for Review	306	(1)
Questions for Analysis	306	(1)
Assignments and Projects	307	(1)
Skills Assessment	307	(1)
Civil Procedure Before Trial	308	(35)
Chapter Outline	308	(1)
Technology Corner	308	(1)
Chapter Objectives	309	(1)
Case File: Martinez v. Rambeaux and the City of Centerville	309	(1)
Introduction to Civil Litigation	309	(1)
Cause of Action	310	(1)
Jurisdiction	311	(6)
Subject Matter Jurisdiction	311	(5)
Personal Jurisdiction	316	(1)
In Rem Jurisdiction and Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction	316	(1)
Venue	317	(1)
Pleadings	318	(13)
The Complaint	318	(1)
The Summons	319	(8)
The Answer	327	(3)
Motions and Demurrers	330	(1)
Pretrial Motions	331	(5)
Discovery	336	(4)
Interrogatories	336	(1)
Requests for Admissions	337	(1)
Requests to Produce or Inspect	337	(1)
Depositions	338	(1)
Requests for Medical Examination	338	(1)
Disclosure	338	(2)
Electronic Discovery	340	(1)
Pretrial Conferences and Settlement	340	(3)
Featured Web Site	341	(1)
Around the World	341	(1)
Chapter Summary	341	(1)
Terms to Remember	341	(1)
Questions for Review	342	(1)
Questions for Analysis	342	(1)
Assignments and Projects	342	(1)
Skills Assessment	342	(1)
Alternative Dispute Resolution	343	(21)
Chapter Outline	343	(1)
Technology Corner	343	(1)
Chapter Objectives	344	(1)
Case File: The Graham Automobile Accident	344	(1)
Introduction	344	(2)
Binding ADR vs. Nonbinding ADR	346	(1)
Negotiation	346	(1)
Arbitration	347	(7)
Mediation	354	(1)
Mini-Trials, Summary Trials, and Early Neutral Evaluation	355	(1)
Court-Related ADR	355	(3)
Private Judges	358	(1)
Special Masters and Discovery Referees	358	(1)
ADR and Criminal Law	358	(1)
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Other Neutrals	359	(5)
Featured Web Site	361	(1)
Around the World	361	(1)
Chapter Summary	362	(1)
Terms to Remember	362	(1)
Questions for Review	362	(1)
Questions for Analysis	362	(1)
Assignments and Projects	362	(1)
Skills Assessment	363	(1)
Criminal Practice: Criminal Law and Juvenile Law	364	(24)
Chapter Outline	364	(1)
Technology Corner	364	(1)
Chapter Objectives	365	(1)
Case File: The Simmons Criminal Matter	365	(1)
Section I Criminal Law	365	(1)
Introduction to Criminal Practice	365	(1)
Purposes of Criminal Law	366	(1)
Deterrence	366	(1)
Rehabilitation	366	(1)
Incapacitation	366	(1)
Retribution	366	(1)
Elements of a Crime: Mens Rea and Actus Reus	367	(5)
Mens Rea	367	(1)
A Purposeful Act	367	(1)
A Knowing Act	367	(1)
A Reckless Act	367	(1)
A Negligent Act	367	(1)
Actus Reus	368	(4)
Concurrence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea	372	(1)
Crimes	372	(8)
Homicide	373	(3)
Battery	376	(1)
Assault	376	(1)
Kidnapping and False Imprisonment	377	(2)
Burglary	379	(1)
Defenses to Criminal Charges	380	(1)
Section II Juvenile Law	380	(1)
Introduction to Juvenile Law	380	(1)
The Juvenile Court	381	(1)
Prosecution of Juvenile Offenders	381	(7)
Featured Web Site	385	(1)
Around the World	385	(1)
Chapter Summary	386	(1)
Terms to Remember	386	(1)
Questions for Review	386	(1)
Questions for Analysis	386	(1)
Assignments and Projects	386	(1)
Skills Assessment	387	(1)
Criminal Procedure Before Trial	388	(38)
Chapter Outline	388	(1)
Technology Corner	388	(1)
Chapter Objectives	389	(1)
Case File: The Darwood Criminal Matter	389	(1)
Introduction to Criminal Procedure	389	(1)
The Constitution and the Criminal Suspect	390	(17)
Due Process	390	(1)
Search and Seizure	390	(4)
Probable Cause	394	(1)
The Warrant Requirement	395	(1)
Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement	395	(7)
The Exclusionary Rule	402	(1)
Arrest	402	(5)
Interrogations and Confessions	407	(2)
Right to Counsel	407	(2)
Pretrial Activities	409	(17)
Discovery and Investigation	409	(1)
The Arrest	409	(1)
The Complaint	409	(1)
The Initial Appearance	410	(1)
The Preliminary Hearing	410	(8)
Formal Charges	418	(2)
Formal Discovery	420	(1)
Pretrial Motions	420	(1)
Featured Web Site	421	(1)
Around the World	421	(3)
Chapter Summary	424	(1)
Terms to Remember	425	(1)
Questions for Review	425	(1)
Questions for Analysis	425	(1)
Assignments and Projects	425	(1)
Skills Assessment	425	(1)
Rules of Evidence	426	(15)
Chapter Outline	426	(1)
Technology Corner	426	(1)
Chapter Objectives	427	(1)
Case File: The Rutherford Matter	427	(1)
Introduction	427	(1)
What Is Evidence?	427	(5)
Testimony of a Witness	427	(2)
Exhibits	429	(2)
Stipulated Facts	431	(1)
Judicial Notice	432	(1)
Types of Evidence	432	(1)
Direct Evidence	432	(1)
Circumstantial Evidence	432	(1)
Relevancy	433	(1)
Impeachment	434	(1)
Hearsay	435	(6)
Featured Web Site	438	(1)
Around the World	439	(1)
Chapter Summary	439	(1)
Terms to Remember	439	(1)
Questions for Review	439	(1)
Questions for Analysis	439	(1)
Assignments and Projects	440	(1)
Skills Assessment	440	(1)
The Trial	441	(24)
Chapter Outline	441	(1)
Technology Corner	441	(1)
Chapter Objectives	442	(1)
Case File: The Ace Auto Repair Matter	442	(1)
Introduction	442	(1)
Roles of Trial Participants	442	(1)
Pretrial Motions	443	(2)
Jury Selection	445	(4)
Jury Questionnaire	445	(3)
Voir Dire	448	(1)
Opening Statements	449	(2)
Plaintiff's Case in Chief	451	(2)
Burden of Proof	451	(1)
Examination of Witnesses	452	(1)
Defendant's Case	453	(1)
Examination of Witnesses	453	(1)
Plaintiff's Rebuttal Case	453	(1)
Closing Arguments	453	(3)
Judge's Instructions to the Jury	456	(6)
Jury Deliberations and the Verdict	462	(3)
Featured Web Site	462	(1)
Around the World	462	(1)
Chapter Summary	462	(1)
Terms to Remember	463	(1)
Questions for Review	463	(1)
Questions for Analysis	463	(1)
Assignments and Projects	463	(1)
Skills Assessment	464	(1)
Constitutional Law	465	(34)
Chapter Outline	465	(1)
Technology Corner	465	(1)
Chapter Objectives	466	(1)
Case File: Students of Thornton Country School District	466	(1)
Introduction	466	(1)
Constitutional Principles of U.S. Government	467	(2)
Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances	467	(1)
The Power of Judicial Review	467	(2)
The Bill of Rights	469	(12)
Incorporation Doctrine	469	(1)
First Amendment	469	(2)
The First Amendment and Freedom of Religion	471	(3)
First Amendment and Freedom of Speech	474	(1)
Injurious Speech	474	(6)
Rights of Criminal Defendants	480	(1)
Miscellaneous Rights	481	(1)
Civil Rights and Discrimination	481	(6)
Equal Protection Clause of Amendment 14	482	(3)
Civil Rights and the Interstate Commerce Clause	485	(2)
Voting Rights	487	(1)
Apportionment: One Man--One Vote	487	(1)
Voting Methods	487	(1)
Privacy and the Due Process Clause	488	(11)
Privacy and Sex	488	(5)
Privacy and the Right to Choose	493	(2)
Privacy and Medical Treatment	495	(1)
Featured Web Site	496	(1)
Around the World	496	(1)
Chapter Summary	496	(1)
Terms to Remember	497	(1)
Questions for Review	497	(1)
Questions for Analysis	497	(1)
Assignments and Projects	498	(1)
Skills Assessment	498	(1)
Technology and Law Practice: A Paralegal Perspective	499	(26)
Chapter Outline	499	(1)
Technology Corner	499	(1)
Chapter Objectives	500	(1)
Case File: Global News Inc. v. DeHart	500	(1)
Introduction	500	(1)
The Modern Law Office	501	(2)
Computer Hardware	501	(1)
Computer Software	502	(1)
Litigation Support Services	503	(1)
The Internet	503	(3)
Communication---E-Mail	503	(1)
Advertising	504	(1)
Information Resources	504	(1)
Discussion Forums	504	(1)
Legal Research	504	(1)
The Internet and the Courts	504	(1)
Document Depository	505	(1)
Intranets and Extranets	505	(1)
General Office Procedures	506	(2)
Accepting a New Case	506	(1)
Maintaining Client Files	506	(1)
Calendaring	507	(1)
Billing	508	(1)
Communication Techniques	508	(10)
Writing Business Letters	509	(1)
Common Types of Legal Correspondence	510	(5)
Handling the Telephone	515	(1)
Writing Interoffice Memoranda	515	(2)
Interviewing Clients and Witnesses	517	(1)
Fact Investigation	518	(7)
Featured Web Site	522	(1)
Around the World	522	(1)
Chapter Summary	523	(1)
Terms to Remember	523	(1)
Questions for Review	523	(1)
Questions for Analysis	523	(1)
Assignments and Projects	524	(1)
Skills Assessment	524	(1)
Appendix I The United States Constitution	525	(14)
Appendix II Paralegal Ethics	539	(19)
Appendix III Mock Trial	558	(5)
Appendix IV Basic Citation Reference Guide	563	(2)
Appendix V The Marvin v. Marvin Case	565	(14)
Appendix VI Federal Rules of Evidence §801--806	579	(5)
Appendix VII Recent United States Supreme Court Decisions	584	(28)
Appendix VIII Creating Research Strategies	612	(5)
Glossary	617	(12)
Index	629