Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

by Wrobleski, Henry M.; Hess, Kären M.

• ISBN13: 9780314097651
• ISBN10: 0314097651
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-11-12
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xvi
The Evolution of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice	p. 1
A Brief History: The Evolution of Law and Our Criminal Justice System	p. 3
Introduction	p. 4
Primitive and Ancient Law	p. 4
English Law and Law Enforcement	p. 6
Early Law Enforcement in the United States	p. 12
Establishment of Federal Agencies	p. 16
Establishment of State Agencies	p. 20
Development of County Agencies	p. 22
Development of Local Agencies	p. 22
The Three Eras of Policing	p. 23
The Evolution of Our Juvenile Justice System	p. 33
A Brief Recap of U.S. Policing	p. 37
Summary	p. 37
The American Quest for Freedom and Justice: Our Laws	p. 41
Introduction	p. 42
The Declaration of Independence	p. 43
Types of Law	p. 43
Constitutional Law	p. 45
The Bill of Rights	p. 46
Criminal Law	p. 56
Civil Law and Torts	p. 59
Police Power	p. 61
The Needs of Society and the Rights of the Individual	p. 63
Summary	p. 64
Crime in the United States-Offenders and Victims	p. 68
Introduction	p. 69
Sources of Information on Crime	p. 69
Classification and Definitions of Major Crimes	p. 76
Offenders-What Leads People to Commit Crime?	p. 92
Victims of Crime and Violence	p. 99
Police Officers as Victims	p. 109
Summary	p. 110
Contemporary Law Enforcement	p. 113
Contemporary Policing: An Overview	p. 115
Introduction	p. 116
Why We Have Police	p. 117
What Police Do	p. 117
Policing and the People	p. 118
Traditional Goals of Policing	p. 119
Contemporary Goals Resulting from Community Policing	p. 123
Organization of the Department	p. 123
Administrative Services	p. 125
Field Services	p. 131
Rural Policing	p. 132
The Police Subculture	p. 133
Styles of Policing	p. 134
The Police Image	p. 137
How the Public Really Feels about the Police	p. 139
Summary	p. 140
Community Policing, Problem-Solving Policing and Service	p. 143
Introduction	p. 144
Community Policing Defined	p. 144
Historical Roots of Community Policing	p. 145
The Importance of Community	p. 145
Involving and Educating Citizens	p. 149
Partnerships	p. 150
Problem-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving	p. 158
Implementing Community Policing	p. 162
The Effect of Implementing Community Policing	p. 164
A Community Service Orientation	p. 164
Youth Programs	p. 167
Community Crime Prevention Programs	p. 170
What Works/What Doesn't	p. 172
Challenges to Community Policing	p. 173
Benefits of Community Policing to Officers	p. 174
Serving and Protecting Our Increasingly Diverse Population	p. 174
Summary	p. 177
Patrol: The Backbone of Policing	p. 181
Introduction	p. 182
Patrol Officer Responsibilities	p. 182
Management of Patrol Operations	p. 183
Types of Patrol	p. 184
Activities While on Patrol	p. 189
Methods of Patrol	p. 191
The Traffic Division: An Overview	p. 199
Enforcing Traffic Laws	p. 199
Directing and Controlling Traffic	p. 208
Assisting at and Investigating Traffic Crashes	p. 208
The Traffic Program	p. 210
Patrol and Community Policing	p. 210
Summary	p. 211
Specialized Roles of Police	p. 215
Introduction	p. 216
Investigation	p. 216
Profilers	p. 227
Psychics	p. 228
Intelligence Officers	p. 228
Juvenile Officers	p. 231
Vice Officers	p. 232
SWAT Officers	p. 235
K-9 Assisted Officers	p. 237
Reserve Officers	p. 239
Summary	p. 239
Challenges to the Profession	p. 243
Policing within the Law	p. 245
Introduction	p. 246
The Fourth Amendment	p. 247
Stop and Frisk	p. 249
Roadblocks and Checkpoints	p. 253
Field Detention	p. 254
Lawful Searches	p. 255
Lawful Arrests	p. 267
De Facto Arrests	p. 269
Protecting a Suspect's Rights-The Miranda Warning	p. 269
A Recap of the Landmark Cases	p. 275
Summary	p. 280
Gangs and Drugs: Threats to Our National Security	p. 284
Introduction	p. 285
The Threat of Gangs	p. 285
Gangs Defined	p. 286
Types of Gangs	p. 287
Racial or Ethnic Gangs	p. 288
Characteristics of Gangs	p. 293
Identifying Gangs and Gang Members	p. 295
Why People Join Gangs	p. 299
Gang Control Strategies	p. 302
Gangs and Community Policing	p. 307
Gangs and the Criminal Justice System	p. 309
The Enterprise Theory of Investigation	p. 310
The Threat of Drugs	p. 311
Narcotics, Marijuana and Other Dangerous Drugs	p. 313
Alcohol	p. 317
Illicit Drug Abuse and Crime	p. 319
Drugs and Society	p. 321
Drug Control	p. 322
Summary	p. 331
Terrorism: The Newest Threat to Our National Security	p. 336
Introduction	p. 337
The Threat of Terrorism	p. 337
Terrorism Defined	p. 338
Classification of Terrorist Acts	p. 339
Motivations for Terrorism	p. 339
Methods Used by Terrorists	p. 343
A Brief Chronology of Terrorism-Past to Present	p. 347
September 11, 2001	p. 348
The U.S. Response-Detect, Prepare, Prevent, Protect, Respond and Recover	p. 351
The Critical Role of Local Law Enforcement in Homeland Security	p. 353
A New Kind of War-An Asymmetric War	p. 360
Another Homeland Security Initiative: The Center for Food Protection and Defense	p. 360
The Role of the Media in the War on Terrorism	p. 361
Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism	p. 361
Summary	p. 363
Issues Concerning Police Conduct	p. 367
Introduction	p. 367
Discretion	p. 368
Discrimination or Disparity in Policing: Gender, Class and Race Issues	p. 369
Use of Force	p. 375
Police Pursuits	p. 383
Civil Liability	p. 388
Corruption, Ethics and Integrity-Where to Draw the Line	p. 391
Summary	p. 399
Departmental Issues	p. 404
Introduction	p. 405
Evaluating and Selecting an Agency for Employment	p. 405
The Recruiting Process	p. 406
The Selection Process	p. 410
Federal Guidelines and Regulations	p. 419
Probation and Training	p. 421
Retention	p. 423
Civilian Review Boards	p. 427
Sexual Harassment	p. 428
Unions	p. 429
Privatization of Criminal Justice	p. 430
Moonlighting	p. 431
Accreditation	p. 432
Police Professionalism	p. 436
Summary	p. 437
Law Enforcement and the Criminal Justice System	p. 441
Courts and Corrections: Law Enforcement's Partners in the Criminal Justice System	p. 443
Introduction	p. 444
The Police as Gatekeepers to the Criminal Justice System	p. 445
An American Courtroom	p. 446
The Court System: An Overview	p. 446
Specialized Courts	p. 450
The Adversary System	p. 454
Key Players in the Judicial Process	p. 455
Critical Stages in the Criminal Justice Process	p. 459
Alternatives to a Trial-Diversion	p. 463
The Trial	p. 463
Sentencing	p. 466
Case Review and Appeal	p. 468
The Corrections System: An Overview	p. 468
Purposes of Corrections	p. 468
Probation	p. 469
Intermediate Sanctions/Community Corrections	p. 471
Boot Camps	p. 472
Incarceration	p. 473
Parole	p. 476
Community-Based Reintegration Programs	p. 477
Recidivism	p. 478
The Death Penalty versus Life without Parole	p. 478
The Restorative Justice Model	p. 480
Community Corrections and the Role of Police	p. 482
Community Justice	p. 482
A Look to the Future	p. 484
Summary	p. 486
Glossary	p. 490
Author Index	p. 502
Subject Index	p. 506
Photo Credits	p. 520
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