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Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
Introduction to LEDs | p. 1 |
Basic Operation | p. 1 |
The p-n Junction | p. 1 |
No Applied Voltage | p. 2 |
Applying Forward-Bias | p. 2 |
Applying Reverse-Bias | p. 3 |
LED Operation | p. 4 |
Similarity to a Diode | p. 4 |
Crossing the Barrier | p. 4 |
LED Evolution | p. 4 |
The First LED | p. 5 |
Doping Materials | p. 5 |
Voltage and Current Requirements | p. 8 |
Manufacture of LEDs | p. 8 |
Parallel and Series Operations | p. 10 |
Current Limitation Considerations | p. 12 |
Types, Functions, and Applications | p. 18 |
Types of LEDs | p. 18 |
Physical Characteristics | p. 18 |
Colors | p. 20 |
Flashing LEDs | p. 21 |
LED Displays | p. 22 |
Applications | p. 23 |
Lighting | p. 23 |
Other Applications | p. 24 |
Fundamentals of Light | p. 27 |
Properties of Light | p. 27 |
Speed of Light | p. 27 |
Photons | p. 28 |
Planck's Constant | p. 28 |
Frequency, Energy, and Light | p. 29 |
Frequency and Wavelength | p. 29 |
Frequency | p. 30 |
Frequency of Waves | p. 30 |
The Electromagnetic Spectrum | p. 30 |
Spectral Power Distribution | p. 31 |
Incandescent Light | p. 32 |
Fluorescent Light | p. 32 |
The CIE Color System | p. 33 |
The Maxwell Triangle | p. 33 |
Overview | p. 33 |
Limitations | p. 34 |
The Spectral Locus | p. 34 |
CIE Theoretical Primaries | p. 35 |
CIE Chromaticity Chart | p. 35 |
LED Light | p. 36 |
Comparing LEDs | p. 37 |
White Light Creation Using LEDs | p. 37 |
White Light Creation by Mixing Colors | p. 37 |
White Light Creation Using Phosphor | p. 37 |
Intensity of an LED | p. 40 |
Candlepower | p. 40 |
The Candela | p. 41 |
On-Axis Measurement | p. 41 |
Theta One-Half Point | p. 42 |
Current and Voltage Considerations | p. 43 |
Lumens, Candelas, Millicandelas, and Other Terms | p. 43 |
Lumens | p. 44 |
Lumens per Watt and Lux | p. 45 |
Watt Dissipation | p. 45 |
Steradian | p. 46 |
Luminous Energy | p. 47 |
Illuminance | p. 48 |
Lighting Efficiency | p. 48 |
Color Temperature | p. 49 |
Representative Lighting Color Temperature | p. 49 |
LED White Light Creation | p. 50 |
Wavelength Conversion | p. 50 |
Color Mixing | p. 51 |
Homoepitaxial ZnSe | p. 51 |
LEDs Examined | p. 53 |
P-N Junction Operation | p. 53 |
Semiconductor Material | p. 54 |
Basic Concepts of Atoms | p. 54 |
Electrical Charge | p. 55 |
Band Theory | p. 55 |
Energy Bands | p. 55 |
Conduction and Valence Bands of Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators | p. 56 |
Equilibrium | p. 57 |
Depletion Region Operation | p. 58 |
Bias Effect | p. 59 |
Diodes and LEDs | p. 60 |
LED Operation | p. 60 |
Color of the Light Emitted by an LED | p. 61 |
Light Production | p. 62 |
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes | p. 63 |
Overview | p. 63 |
Comparing Technologies | p. 64 |
LCDs versus OLEDs | p. 64 |
Types of Displays | p. 65 |
PMOLED | p. 65 |
AMOLED | p. 66 |
Limitations of OLEDs | p. 68 |
Lifetime of OLEDs | p. 68 |
Fabrication and Ramp-Up Cost | p. 69 |
OLED TV | p. 69 |
Other Markets | p. 71 |
LED Drivers | p. 72 |
Rationale for Use | p. 73 |
Using PWM | p. 74 |
Driver Definition | p. 75 |
Driver Connection | p. 75 |
Types of Drivers | p. 75 |
Boost LED Drivers | p. 76 |
Step-Down LED Drivers | p. 76 |
Buck-Boost LED Drivers | p. 77 |
Multitopology Driver | p. 77 |
Pump LED Driver | p. 77 |
Summary | p. 78 |
LEDs and Lighting | p. 79 |
Rationale | p. 80 |
Incandescent Lightbulbs | p. 80 |
Economics of Use | p. 81 |
Compact Fluorescent Lightbulbs | p. 82 |
Cost Reduction | p. 82 |
Utility Subsidization | p. 83 |
The Federal 2007 Energy Bill | p. 84 |
Economics of Use | p. 84 |
Disposal Problems | p. 85 |
LED Lightbulbs | p. 86 |
Purchase Considerations | p. 86 |
Quality of Light | p. 88 |
High-Brightness (HB) LEDs | p. 90 |
Overview | p. 91 |
Metal-Organic Chemical-Vapor Deposition System | p. 91 |
Initially Developed HB LEDs | p. 92 |
Utilization | p. 92 |
Fabrication Forms | p. 93 |
ac versus dc Power | p. 93 |
Seoul Semiconductors | p. 94 |
Lynk Labs | p. 95 |
HB-LED Output | p. 96 |
Energy Star Program Developments | p. 97 |
Outdoor Lighting Developments | p. 98 |
Cities Discovering LEDs | p. 99 |
Lighting Science Group | p. 100 |
OSRAM Opto Semiconductors | p. 101 |
LEDs in Communications | p. 103 |
Remote Control and Infrared LEDs | p. 103 |
Overview | p. 104 |
The Infrared Region | p. 104 |
Rationale for Use | p. 104 |
Frequency and Wavelength | p. 104 |
Evolution in the Use of IR | p. 106 |
IR Remote Operation: IR Port | p. 106 |
Types of IR Devices | p. 107 |
Emitters | p. 107 |
Detector | p. 107 |
Photo Interrupter | p. 107 |
Photo Reflector | p. 108 |
IR Transceiver | p. 108 |
TV Remote Control | p. 109 |
The IR Signal | p. 109 |
ASK Modulation | p. 109 |
FSK Modulation | p. 110 |
Interference | p. 110 |
Inside a TV Remote Control | p. 111 |
Operation | p. 111 |
Printed Circuit Board | p. 112 |
Remote Control LEDs | p. 113 |
Wavelengths and Fabrication | p. 113 |
Technical Details | p. 113 |
Cost | p. 114 |
IR Detection with IR Photodiode | p. 114 |
Overview | p. 114 |
Modes | p. 115 |
Composition | p. 116 |
Packaging | p. 116 |
Operation | p. 117 |
Selecting a Resistor | p. 117 |
Limiting the Value of the Resistor | p. 118 |
Maximum Resistance | p. 118 |
Ethernet Networking | p. 119 |
Fiber-Optic Cable | p. 120 |
Decibels Power Measurements | p. 120 |
Single versus Dual Cables | p. 121 |
Cable Composition | p. 122 |
Types of Fiber Cable | p. 122 |
Fiber and Wavelength | p. 123 |
FOIRL and 10BASE-F | p. 124 |
Overview | p. 125 |
Optical Transceiver | p. 125 |
The Fiber Hub | p. 125 |
Fiber Adapter | p. 126 |
Wire and Fiber Distance Limitations | p. 126 |
10BASE-F | p. 127 |
10BASE-FL | p. 127 |
10BASE-FB | p. 129 |
10BASE-FP | p. 129 |
Optical Media Support | p. 129 |
Fast Ethernet | p. 130 |
100BASE-FX | p. 130 |
100BASE-SX | p. 130 |
Gigabit Ethernet | p. 131 |
Comparing LEDs and Laser Diodes | p. 133 |
The Laser Diode | p. 133 |
Emission of Coherent Light by Laser Diodes | p. 134 |
The Quantum Process | p. 134 |
Use of Mirrors | p. 136 |
Reviewing LED and Laser Diode Operations | p. 137 |
Evolution of Laser Diodes | p. 137 |
Types of Laser Diodes | p. 138 |
Edge-Emitting Laser Diode | p. 138 |
Double Heterostructure Laser | p. 140 |
Quantum Well Laser | p. 140 |
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) | p. 141 |
Trade-offs between Various Laser Diodes | p. 143 |
Vertical External Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser | p. 143 |
Comparing Laser Diodes and LEDs | p. 143 |
Comparing Operational Characteristics | p. 143 |
Performance Characteristics | p. 144 |
Speed | p. 144 |
Peak Wavelength | p. 145 |
Power Coupling | p. 145 |
Spectral Width | p. 145 |
Emission Pattern | p. 145 |
Linearity | p. 146 |
Luminous Efficacy | p. 147 |
Drivers | p. 147 |
Safety | p. 148 |
Applications | p. 148 |
Commercial Applications | p. 149 |
Data Communications | p. 150 |
Dental Applications | p. 151 |
Illumination Application | p. 151 |
Medical Application | p. 151 |
Military Applications | p. 151 |
The Evolving LED | p. 153 |
Lighting | p. 153 |
Increasing LED Density | p. 154 |
Light Output per LED | p. 154 |
Communications | p. 157 |
Organic LEDs | p. 158 |
Display Utilization | p. 158 |
Advantages | p. 158 |
Current Deficiencies | p. 159 |
Lighting | p. 160 |
Index | p. 161 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.