Introduction to Logic

by Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl

• ISBN13: 9780130102027
• ISBN10: 0130102024
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-08-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Table of Contents

Preface to the Tenth Edition	xiii
Acknowledgments	xvii
Introduction	xix
PART ONE Reasoning	1	(86)
Basic Logical Concepts	3	(40)
What Logic Is	3	(2)
Propositions and Sentences	5	(2)
Arguments, Premisses, and Conclusions	7	(4)
Exercises	9	(2)
More Complex Arguments	11	(3)
Recognizing Arguments	14	(10)
Conclusion-indicators and Premiss-indicators	14	(1)
Arguments in Context	15	(3)
Premisses Not in Declarative Form	18	(3)
Unstated Propositions	21	(1)
Exercises	22	(2)
Deduction and Induction	24	(4)
Validity and Truth	28	(5)
Arguments and Explanations	33	(10)
Exercises	36	(6)
Summary of Chapter 1	42	(1)
Analyzing and Diagramming Arguments	43	(28)
Argument Diagrams	43	(4)
Analyzing Passages Containing More than One Argument	47	(8)
Exercises	51	(4)
Analyzing Complex Argumentative Passages	55	(16)
Exercises	64	(6)
Summary of Chapter 2	70	(1)
Solving Problems Using Logic	71	(16)
Problem Solving	71	(2)
Problems in Reasoning	73	(4)
Retrograde Reasoning	77	(10)
Exercises	80	(5)
Summary of Chapter 3	85	(2)
PART TWO Language	87	(128)
The Uses of Language	89	(31)
Three Basic Functions of Language	89	(4)
Discourse Serving Multiple Functions	93	(2)
The Forms of Discourse	95	(11)
Exercises	100	(6)
Emotive Words	106	(3)
Kinds of Agreement and Disagreement	109	(7)
Exercises	112	(4)
Emotively Neutral Language	116	(4)
Exercise	118	(1)
Summary of Chapter 4	118	(2)
Definition	120	(40)
Disputes, Verbal Disputes, and Definitions	120	(4)
Kinds of Definition and the Resolution of Disputes	124	(13)
Stipulative Definitions	125	(2)
Lexical Definitions	127	(1)
Precising Definitions	128	(3)
Theoretical Definitions	131	(1)
Persuasive Definitions	132	(1)
Exercises	133	(4)
Denotation (Extension) and Connotation (Intension)	137	(3)
Extension and Denotative Definitions	140	(3)
Exercises	142	(1)
Intension and Connotative Definitions	143	(5)
Rules for Definition by Genus and Difference	148	(12)
Exercises	152	(5)
Summary of Chapter 5	157	(3)
Fallacies	160	(55)
What Is a Fallacy?	160	(2)
Fallacies of Relevance	162	(21)
The Argument from Ignorance: Ad Ignorantiam	162	(3)
The Appeal to Inappropriate Authority: Ad Verecundiam	165	(1)
Argument Ad Hominem	166	(1)
Ad Hominem, Abusive	167	(1)
Ad Hominem, Circumstantial	168	(1)
The Appeal to Emotion: Ad Populum	169	(2)
The Appeal to Pity: Ad Misericordiam	171	(1)
The Appeal to Force: Ad Baculum	171	(1)
Irrelevant Conclusion: Ignoratio Elenchi	171	(3)
Exercises	174	(9)
Fallacies of Presumption	183	(8)
Complex Question	183	(2)
False Cause	185	(1)
Begging the Question: Petitio Principii	186	(1)
Accident and Converse Accident	187	(2)
Exercises	189	(2)
Fallacies of Ambiguity	191	(24)
Equivocation	191	(2)
Amphiboly	193	(1)
Accent	194	(2)
Composition	196	(1)
Division	197	(3)
Exercises	200	(12)
Summary of Chapter 6	212	(3)
PART THREE Deduction	215	(252)
Categorical Propositions	217	(39)
The Theory of Deduction	217	(1)
Categorical Propositions and Classes	218	(4)
Exercises	221	(1)
Quality, Quantity, and Distribution	222	(4)
Quality	222	(1)
Quantity	222	(1)
General Schema of Standard-Form Categorical Propositions	222	(1)
Distribution	223	(2)
Exercises	225	(1)
The Traditional Square of Opposition	226	(4)
Contradictories	226	(1)
Contraries	226	(1)
Subcontraries	227	(1)
Subalternation	228	(1)
The Square of Opposition	228	(2)
Further Immediate Inferences	230	(11)
Conversion	230	(2)
Obversion	232	(2)
Contraposition	234	(3)
Exercises	237	(4)
Existential Import	241	(6)
Exercises	246	(1)
Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions	247	(9)
Exercises	253	(1)
Summary of Chapter 7	254	(2)
Categorical Syllogisms	256	(34)
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms	256	(5)
Major, Minor, and Middle Terms	256	(1)
Mood	257	(1)
Figure	258	(1)
Exercises	259	(2)
The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument	261	(3)
Exercises	263	(1)
Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms	264	(9)
Exercises	272	(1)
Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies	273	(6)
Exposition of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism	279	(11)
Exercises	284	(4)
Summary of Chapter 8	288	(2)
Arguments in Ordinary Language	290	(52)
Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language	290	(1)
Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument	291	(4)
Exercises	294	(1)
Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form	295	(8)
Exercises	302	(1)
Uniform Translation	303	(9)
Exercises	305	(7)
Enthymemes	312	(6)
Exercises	314	(4)
Sorites	318	(4)
Exercises	320	(2)
Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms	322	(8)
Exercises	325	(5)
The Dilemma	330	(12)
Exercises	334	(6)
Summary of Chapter 9	340	(2)
Symbolic Logic	342	(51)
The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic	342	(2)
The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction	344	(13)
Conjunction	345	(1)
Negation	346	(2)
Disjunction	348	(2)
Punctuation	350	(3)
Exercises	353	(4)
Conditional Statements and Material Implication	357	(10)
Exercises	365	(2)
Argument Forms and Arguments	367	(14)
Refutation by Logical Analogy	367	(3)
Truth Tables	370	(2)
Some Common Valid Argument Forms	372	(4)
Some Common Invalid Argument Forms	376	(1)
Substitution Instances and Specific Forms	377	(1)
Exercises	378	(3)
Statement Forms, Material Equivalence, and Logical Equivalence	381	(7)
Statement Forms and Statements	381	(1)
Tautologous, Contradictory, and Contingent Statement Forms	382	(1)
Material Equivalence	383	(1)
Logical Equivalence	384	(1)
De Morgan's Theorems	385	(1)
The Definition of Material Implication	386	(1)
Arguments, Conditional Statements, and Tautologies	386	(1)
Exercises	387	(1)
The Paradoxes of Material Implication	388	(1)
The Three ``Laws of Thought''	389	(4)
Summary of Chapter 10	391	(2)
The Method of Deduction	393	(35)
Formal Proof of Validity	393	(10)
Exercises	396	(7)
The Rule of Replacement	403	(14)
Exercises	408	(9)
Proof of Invalidity	417	(3)
Exercises	419	(1)
Inconsistency	420	(8)
Exercises	423	(4)
Summary of Chapter 11	427	(1)
Quantification Theory	428	(39)
Singular Propositions	428	(3)
Quantification	431	(3)
Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions	434	(7)
Proving Validity	441	(9)
Exercises	448	(2)
Proving Invalidity	450	(5)
Exercises	454	(1)
Asyllogistic Inference	455	(12)
Exercises	459	(5)
Summary of Chapter 12	464	(3)
PART FOUR Induction	467	(148)
Analogy and Probable Inference	469	(27)
Argument by Analogy	469	(8)
Exercises	473	(4)
Appraising Analogical Arguments	477	(12)
Exercises	482	(7)
Refutation by Logical Analogy	489	(7)
Exercises	492	(2)
Summary of Chapter 13	494	(2)
Causal Connections: Mill's Methods of Experimental Inquiry	496	(43)
Cause and Effect	496	(6)
The Meaning of ``Cause''	496	(3)
Causal Laws and the Uniformity of Nature	499	(1)
Induction by Simple Enumeration	500	(2)
Mill's Methods	502	(25)
Method of Agreement	502	(3)
Exercises	505	(2)
Method of Difference	507	(3)
Exercises	510	(3)
Joint Method of Agreement and Difference	513	(2)
Exercises	515	(3)
Method of Residues	518	(2)
Exercises	520	(2)
Method of Concomitant Variation	522	(2)
Exercises	524	(3)
Critique of Mill's Methods	527	(12)
The Limitations of Mill's Methods	527	(2)
The Power of Mill's Methods	529	(1)
Exercises	529	(8)
Summary of Chapter 14	537	(2)
Science and Hypothesis	539	(46)
The Values of Science	539	(3)
Explanations: Scientific and Unscientific	542	(4)
Evaluating Scientific Explanation	546	(6)
Relevance	547	(1)
Testability	548	(1)
Compatibility with Prevously Well-established Hypotheses	548	(1)
Predictive or Explanatory Power	549	(1)
Simplicity	550	(2)
Seven Stages of Scientific Investigation	552	(4)
Identifying the Problem	552	(1)
Selecting Preliminary Hypotheses	552	(1)
Collecting Additional Facts	553	(1)
Formulating the Explanatory Hypothesis	553	(1)
Deducing Further Consequences	554	(1)
Testing the Consequences	554	(1)
Applying the Theory	555	(1)
Exercises	556	(1)
Scientists in Action: The Pattern of Scientific Investigation	556	(6)
Crucial Experiments and Ad Hoc Hypotheses	562	(8)
Crucial Experiments	562	(2)
Ad Hoc Hypotheses	564	(6)
Classification as Hypothesis	570	(15)
Exercises	574	(9)
Summary of Chapter 15	583	(2)
Probability	585	(30)
Alternative Conceptions of Probability	585	(4)
The A Priori Theory of Probability	586	(1)
The Relative Frequency Theory of Probability	587	(2)
The Probability Calculus	589	(1)
Probability of Joint Occurrences	589	(7)
Exercises	594	(2)
Probability of Alternative Occurrences	596	(7)
Exercises	601	(2)
Expected Value	603	(12)
Exercises	610	(2)
Summary of Chapter 16	612	(3)
Solutions to Selected Exercises	615	(62)
Special Symbols	677	(2)
Glossary and Index of Logical Terms	679	(26)
Index of Names and Titles	705