Introduction to Logic

by Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl

• ISBN13: 9780132425872
• ISBN10: 0132425874
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For undergraduate-level courses in Introduction to Logic. The most complete, authoritative treatment of introductory logic both deductive and inductive, classical and modern this text prepares students to understand, recognize, and apply classical syllogistic logic and the more powerful techniques of modern symbolic logic. All concepts and techniques are carefully and thoroughly explained and are brought to life through a wealth of real-life examples of lively arguments and explanations. These examples are drawn from political speeches, classics of philosophy (ancient and modern), scientific articles, writings on economics, literature, religious texts, and many recent writings on contemporary moral and social controversies familiar to students all demonstrating the application of logical principles by serious writers and thinkers trying to solve real problems in a wide range of fields.

Table of Contents

Reasoning

Basic Logical Concepts

What Logic Is

Propositions and Sentences

Arguments, Premisses, and Conclusions

More Complex Arguments

Recognizing Arguments

Deduction and Induction

Validity and Truth

Arguments and Explanations

Analyzing and Diagramming Arguments

Argument Diagrams

Analyzing Passages Containing More than One Argument

Analyzing Complex Argumentative Passages

Solving Problems Using Logic

Problem Solving

Problems in Reasoning

Retrograde Reasoning

Language

The Uses of Language

Three Basic Functions of Language

Discourse Serving Multiple Functions

The Forms of Discourse

Emotive Words

Kinds of Agreement and Disagreement

Emotively Neutral Language

Definition

Disputes, Verbal Disputes, and Definitions

Kinds of Definition and the Resolution of Disputes

Denotation (Extension) and Connotation (Intension)

Extension and Denotative Definitions

Intension and Connotative Definitions

Rules for Definition by Genus and Difference

Fallacies

What Is a Fallacy?

Fallacies of Relevance

Fallacies of Presumption

Fallacies of Ambiguity

Deduction

Categorical Propositions

The Theory of Deduction

Categorical Propositions and Classes

Quality, Quantity, and Distribution

The Traditional Square of Opposition

Further Immediate Inferences

Existential Import

Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions

Categorical Syllogisms

Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms

The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument

Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms

Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies

Exposition of the 15 Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism

Arguments in Ordinary Language

Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language

Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument

Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form

Uniform Translation

Enthymemes

Sorites

Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms

The Dilemma

Symbolic Logic

The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic

The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction

Conditional Statements and Material Implication

Argument Forms and Arguments

Statement Forms, Material Equivalence, and Logical Equivalence

The Paradoxes of Material Implication

The Three Laws of Thought

The Method of Deduction

Formal Proof of Validity

The Rule of Replacement

Proof of Invalidity

Inconsistency

Quantification Theory

Singular Propositions

Quantification

Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions

Proving Validity

Proving Invalidity

Asyllogistic Inference

Induction

Analogy and Probable Inference

Argument by Analogy

Appraising Analogical Arguments

Refutation by Logical Analogy

Causal Connections: Mill's Methods of Experimental Inquiry

Cause and Effect

Mill's Methods

Critique of Mill's Methods

Science and Hypothesis

The Values of Science

Explanations: Scientific and Unscientific

Evaluating Scientific Explanation

Seven Stages of Scientific Investigation

Scientists in Action: The Pattern of Scientific Investigation

Crucial Experiments and Ad Hoc Hypotheses

Classification as Hypothesis

Probability

Alternative Conceptions of Probability

The Probability Calculus

Probability of Joint Occurrences

Probability of Alternative Occurrences

Expected Value

Solutions to Selected Exercises

Special Symbols

Glossary and Index of Logical Terms

Index of Names and Titles

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