Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

by Chung; Yip-Wah

• ISBN13: 9780849392634
• ISBN10: 0849392632
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-12-13
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Our civilization owes its most significant milestones to our use of materials. Metals gave us better agriculture and eventually the industrial revolution, silicon gave us the digital revolution, and we're just beginning to see what carbon nanotubes will give us. Taking a fresh, interdisciplinary look at the field, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering emphasizes the importance of materials to engineering applications and builds the basis needed to select, modify, or create materials to meet specific criteria.The most outstanding feature of this text is the author's unique and engaging application-oriented approach. Beginning each chapter with a real-life example, an experiment, or several interesting facts, Yip-Wah Chung wields an expertly crafted treatment with which he entertains and motivates as much as he informs and educates. He links the discipline to the life sciences and includes modern developments such as nanomaterials, polymers, and thin films while working systematically from atomic bonding and analytical methods to crystalline, electronic, mechanical, and magnetic properties as well as ceramics, corrosion, and phase diagrams.Woven among the interesting examples, stories, and Chinese folk tales is a rigorous yet approachable mathematical and theoretical treatise. This makes Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering an effective tool for anyone needing a strong background in materials science for a broad variety of applications.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
What Is Materials Science and Engineering?	p. 1
Fundamental Principles	p. 3
Atomic and Molecular Bonding	p. 5
Ionic Bonding	p. 6
Covalent Bonding	p. 9
Metallic Bonding	p. 11
Dipole Bonding	p. 12
Crystal Structures	p. 14
Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)	p. 14
Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)	p. 16
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)	p. 16
Polymorphism	p. 18
Labeling Directions and Planes	p. 19
Hexagonal Crystals	p. 21
Determination of Structure and Composition Using X-Rays	p. 22
X-Ray Diffraction	p. 22
Other Applications of X-Ray Scattering	p. 25
Composition Determination from Emission of Characteristic X-Rays	p. 27
What Is Next?	p. 28
Problems	p. 28
Crystalline Imperfections and Diffusion	p. 33
Cloudy and Clear Ice Experiments	p. 33
Imperfections - Good or Bad?	p. 33
Solid Solutions	p. 34
Point Defects	p. 35
Line Defects	p. 38
Edge Dislocations	p. 38
Screw Dislocations	p. 39
Planar Defects	p. 39
Precipitates as Three-Dimensional Defects	p. 41
Amorphous Solids	p. 41
Temperature Dependence of Defect Concentration	p. 42
Atomic Diffusion	p. 44
Diffusion Due to a Step-Function Concentration Profile	p. 47
A Word about Diffusion Distance	p. 47
Applications of Impurity Diffusion	p. 50
Case Hardening	p. 50
Impurity Doping of Semiconductors	p. 50
Diffusion in Biological Systems	p. 52
What Is Next?	p. 52
Vacancy Concentration versus Temperature	p. 54
Problems	p. 54
Electrical Properties of Metals and Semiconductors	p. 59
World of Electronics	p. 59
Definitions and Units	p. 61
Classical Model of Electronic Conduction in Metals	p. 61
Resistivity Rules for Dilute Metallic Alloys	p. 63
Nordheim's Rule	p. 63
Linde-Norbury Rule	p. 63
Energy Band Model for Electronic Conduction	p. 64
Intrinsic Semiconductors	p. 64
Extrinsic Semiconductors	p. 67
N-Type Semiconductors	p. 68
P-Type Semiconductors	p. 69
Selected Semiconductor Devices	p. 70
Hall Probe	p. 70
PN Junction	p. 71
Light-Emitting Diodes and Lasers	p. 73
Solar Cells and X-Ray Detectors	p. 74
Voltage Regulator (Zener Diode)	p. 75
Bipolar Junction Transistor	p. 75
Field Effect Transistor	p. 76
Electron Tunneling	p. 77
Thin Films and Size Effects	p. 79
Thermoelectric Energy Conversion	p. 80
Electrical Signaling in Neurons: Lessons from Mother Nature	p. 82
Ohm's Law and Definitions	p. 83
Problems	p. 85
Mechanical Properties	p. 89
Gossamer Condor and Gossamer Albatross	p. 89
Definitions and Units	p. 91
Stress, Strain, and Young's Modulus	p. 91
Poisson Ratio	p. 92
Shear Stress, Shear Strain, and Shear Modulus	p. 93
Basic Facts	p. 94
Young's Modulus	p. 94
Yield Strength	p. 95
Ultimate Tensile Strength	p. 95
Plastic Strain	p. 96
Hardness	p. 96
Plastic Deformation	p. 98
Dislocations	p. 100
Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials	p. 101
Creep	p. 102
Crying Tin	p. 105
Recovery of Plastically Deformed Metals	p. 105
Fracture	p. 106
Toughness	p. 106
Fracture Mechanics	p. 107
Fatigue	p. 110
Mechanical Properties, Surface Chemistry, and Biology	p. 112
Fatigue Life of Metals	p. 112
Ductility of Nickel Aluminide	p. 112
Tin Whiskers	p. 112
Enzymes	p. 113
Materials Selection: Mechanical Considerations	p. 114
Biomedical Considerations	p. 116
Problems	p. 116
Phase Diagrams	p. 121
Rocket Nozzles	p. 121
Phase Diagram for a Single-Component System: Graphite/Diamond	p. 121
Phase Diagram for a Common Binary System: NaCl + H20	p. 122
Phase Diagram for a Binary Isomorphous System: Ni + Cu	p. 123
The Lever Rule	p. 125
Binary Eutectic Alloys: Microstructure Development	p. 127
Zone Refining	p. 128
Application of Phase Diagrams in Making Steels	p. 129
Production of Iron and Steels	p. 129
Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram	p. 130
Microstructure	p. 132
Austenite [rarr] Ferrite + Cementite	p. 132
Bainite	p. 132
Martensite	p. 132
Transformation Kinetics	p. 134
Alloying Elements	p. 135
AISI-SAE Naming Conventions	p. 135
Shape Memory Alloys	p. 136
Phase Transformation in Biological Systems: Denaturation of Proteins	p. 137
Background	p. 137
Protein Conformation	p. 138
Application of Phase Diagrams in Making Nanocrystalline Materials	p. 139
Phase Diagrams for Dentistry	p. 139
Problems	p. 140
Ceramics and Composites	p. 143
Recipe for Ice Frisbees	p. 143
Crystal Structures	p. 143
Imperfections	p. 147
Point Defects	p. 147
Impurities	p. 147
Mechanical Properties	p. 148
Brittle Fracture of Ceramics	p. 148
Flexural Strength	p. 149
Thermal Shock Resistance	p. 150
Influence of Porosity	p. 152
Environmental Effects	p. 153
Toughening of Ceramics	p. 154
Transformation Toughening	p. 154
Fiber or Particulate Reinforcement	p. 155
Cermets	p. 156
Surface Modification	p. 156
Electrical, Magnetic, Optical, and Thermal Applications	p. 157
Electrical Insulators	p. 157
Capacitors	p. 158
Oxygen Ion Conductors	p. 159
Data Storage	p. 159
Optical Fibers	p. 159
Thermal Insulators	p. 159
Smart Materials	p. 160
Mechanical Properties of Composites	p. 162
Biomedical Applications	p. 163
Problems	p. 164
Polymers	p. 167
Rubber Band Experiments	p. 167
Polyethylene as a Typical Polymer	p. 167
Beyond Polyethylene: Polymer Structures	p. 171
Stereoisomers	p. 171
Linear Polymers	p. 171
Branched Polymers	p. 173
Cross-Linked Polymers	p. 173
Network Polymers	p. 175
Common Polymers and Typical Applications	p. 175
Solid Solutions (Copolymers)	p. 175
Crystallinity	p. 177
Mechanical Properties	p. 178
Deformation Mechanisms of Semicrystalline Polymers	p. 178
Elastic Deformation	p. 178
Plastic Deformation	p. 179
Strengthening Strategies	p. 179
Crystallization, Melting, and Glass Transition Temperatures	p. 180
Crystallization	p. 180
Melting	p. 180
Glass Transition Temperature	p. 181
Rubber Band Mystery Unveiled	p. 181
Fire Retardants for Polymers	p. 182
Selected Electro-Optical Applications	p. 183
Polymer and Life Sciences	p. 184
Problems	p. 184
Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals and Alloys	p. 187
Silverware Cleaning Magic	p. 187
Conventional Example of Corrosion	p. 187
Electrode Potentials	p. 188
Influence of Concentration and Temperature on Electrode Potentials	p. 189
Power by Corrosion: The Cu-Zn Battery	p. 190
Energy and Voltage	p. 191
The Hydrogen Fuel Cell	p. 193
Rusting of Iron	p. 194
Conditions for Corrosion	p. 195
Composition Difference	p. 195
Stress	p. 195
Concentration Difference	p. 197
Rate of Corrosion	p. 197
Corrosion Control	p. 199
Oxidation	p. 200
A Few Examples for Thought	p. 202
Batteries for Electric Vehicles: Energy Capacity Analysis	p. 202
Carbon Fuel Cells?	p. 203
Corrosion Concerns for Prosthetic Implants	p. 203
Corrosion Protection in Hard-Disk Drives	p. 203
Propulsion by Oxidation	p. 203
Common Batteries	p. 204
Lead-Acid	p. 204
Alkaline	p. 204
Ni-Cd	p. 205
Ni-MH (Metal Hydride)	p. 205
Lithium Ion	p. 205
Problems	p. 205
Magnetic Properties	p. 209
Flashlight without Batteries	p. 209
Tiny Magnets for Data Storage	p. 210
Magnetism Fundamentals and Definitions	p. 212
Magnetic Field	p. 212
Magnetic Moment and Magnetization	p. 212
Magnetic Induction or Flux Density	p. 213
Saturation Magnetization and Force of Attraction	p. 214
Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Materials	p. 215
Magnetic Materials: Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism	p. 218
Magnetic Materials for Power Generation	p. 219
Magnetic Materials for Data Storage	p. 222
Magnetostriction	p. 224
Medical, Surveying, and Materials Applications	p. 225
Hunting for Oil and Mineral Deposits	p. 226
Magnetic Sampling	p. 226
Alternators	p. 227
Magnetic and Force Shields	p. 227
Magnetic Shields	p. 227
Force Shields	p. 229
Problems	p. 230
Thin Films	p. 233
Why Thin Rims?	p. 233
Deposition of Thin Films	p. 233
Evaporation	p. 233
Maximum Evaporation Rate and Vapor Pressure	p. 233
Evaporation Sources	p. 235
Evaporation of Alloys	p. 235
Dependence of Deposition Rate on Source-Substrate Distance	p. 237
Deposition Rate Monitors	p. 238
Measurement of Film Thickness	p. 239
Sputtering	p. 240
Magnetron Sputtering	p. 240
Substrate Bombardment	p. 243
Radio Frequency (RF) Sputtering	p. 245
Chemical Vapor Deposition	p. 245
Sample Reactions	p. 246
Structure and Morphology	p. 247
Selected Properties and Applications	p. 248
Transport Properties	p. 248
Optical Properties	p. 249
Cosmetic or Decorative Coatings	p. 249
Suppressed Reflectivity	p. 249
Enhanced Reflectivity	p. 251
Mechanical Properties	p. 253
Hardness	p. 253
Elastic Modulus	p. 255
Intrinsic Stress	p. 256
Friction and Wear Properties	p. 257
Friction and Wear	p. 257
Wear Mechanisms	p. 259
Archard's Law	p. 260
Wear Rate and Plasticity Index	p. 261
Biomedical Applications	p. 263
Obtaining the Projected Area of Contact in Nanoindentation Experiments	p. 263
Problems	p. 264
Bibliography	p. 267
Index	p. 269
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.