Introduction to Media Production : From Analog to Digital

by Kindem; Musburger, PhD

• ISBN13: 9780240804088
• ISBN10: 0240804082
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-03-12
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Introduction to Media Production, Second Edition, provides students with a practical framework for all aspects of media production by addressing the technological and aesthetic changes that have shaped the industry. It provides a sound basis for the techniques, operations and philosophies of media production as the world moves from analog to digital equipment. The new edition examines the growing convergence of video, film, audio, television, multimedia and the Internet. If offers a wealth of new information on new digital production techniques and equipment and clarifies the continuing position of analog production and its importance in development of the digital production world. A color section has been added to illustrate color theory and applications in visual production. Introduction to Media Production, Second Edition is the only text available that addresses every form of media production with hands-on instructions and theoretical material. The text follows the creative process from pre-production through production to postproduction. Addresses the emerging interconnections between video, film, audio, and television.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
The Production Process: Analog and Digital Technologies	1	(38)
Introduction	1	(1)
Stages of Production	1	(3)
Preproduction	1	(1)
Production	2	(1)
Postproduction	3	(1)
Digital versus Analog Technology	4	(8)
Digital Technologies Used in Preproduction	5	(1)
Digital Technologies Used in Production	6	(1)
Digital Technologies Used in Postproduction	7	(5)
A Short History of Audio, Film, and Video Production Technology	12	(4)
Production Terminology	16	(3)
Single-Camera versus Multiple-Camera and Studio versus Location Production	19	(2)
Planning for Positive Production Experiences	20	(1)
Avoiding Negative Production Experiences	20	(1)
The Production Team in Audio, Video, Film, and Multimedia Production	21	(9)
Creative Staff in Media Production	23	(1)
The Producer	23	(1)
The Director	23	(1)
The Assistant/Associate Director	23	(1)
The Scriptwriter	24	(1)
The Production Crew in Media Production	25	(1)
The Director of Photography	25	(1)
The Lighting Director	25	(1)
The Camera Operator	26	(1)
The Art Director or Scenic Designer	26	(1)
The Technical Director	26	(1)
The Editor	26	(1)
The Audio Engineer or Mixer	27	(1)
The Video Engineer or Laboratory Color Timer	27	(1)
The Production Team in the Recording Industry	27	(1)
The Producer and Operator	27	(1)
The Arranger	27	(1)
The Production Team in Interactive Multimedia Production	28	(1)
The Developer	28	(1)
The Publisher	28	(1)
The Producer	28	(1)
The Designer	29	(1)
The Writer	29	(1)
The Video Director	29	(1)
The Art Director	29	(1)
The Graphic Artist/Animator	29	(1)
The Programmer	29	(1)
Visualization: Images, Sounds, and the Creative Process	30	(2)
Conveying Information	31	(1)
Rhetorical Persuasion	31	(1)
Artistic Expression	31	(1)
Production Aesthetics	32	(4)
Realism	32	(1)
Modernism	32	(1)
Postmodernism	33	(3)
Combining Aesthetic Approaches	36	(1)
Summary	36	(2)
Additional Readings	38	(1)
Producing and Production Management	39	(22)
Introduction	39	(1)
Producing	39	(13)
The Role of the Producer	39	(2)
Production Strategies	41	(5)
Proposal Writing	46	(3)
Project Presentations	49	(1)
Law	49	(1)
Unions, Guilds, and Nonunion Working Conditions	50	(1)
Ethics	51	(1)
Production Management	52	(7)
Script Breakdown	52	(2)
Shooting Schedule	54	(1)
Production Budget	55	(4)
Summary	59	(1)
Additional Readings	59	(2)
Scriptwriting	61	(42)
Introduction	61	(1)
Visual Thinking	62	(1)
Preparation for Scriptwriting	63	(3)
Research	63	(2)
Premise, Synopsis, and Outline	65	(1)
Treatments	65	(1)
Scriptwriting Formats	66	(6)
Full-Page Master Scene Script Format	66	(3)
Split-Page Script Format	69	(1)
Semi-Scripted Formats	69	(3)
Fiction Scriptwriting	72	(11)
Dramatic Structure	72	(1)
Act One	72	(1)
Act Two	73	(1)
Act Three	73	(1)
Rising Action: Crises and Climax	73	(1)
Falling Action: Resolution	74	(1)
Text and Subtext	74	(1)
Narrative Structure	75	(1)
Characterization and Theme	76	(3)
Adaptation	79	(2)
Short Fiction Forms and Formats	81	(1)
Interactive Stories and Games	82	(1)
Nonfiction Scriptwriting	83	(15)
Rhetorical and Expository Structure	84	(2)
Voice and Point of View	86	(1)
Narration and Interviews	87	(1)
Short Nonfiction Forms and Formats	88	(1)
News Stories	88	(3)
Talk Show	91	(1)
Commercials and Public Service Announcements	92	(3)
Instructional Films and Videos	95	(1)
Interactive Learning and Training	96	(2)
Summary	98	(3)
Additional Readings	101	(2)
Directing: Aesthetic Principles and Production Coordination	103	(48)
Introduction	103	(1)
Aesthetic Approaches	104	(2)
Realism	104	(1)
Modernism	104	(1)
Postmodernism	105	(1)
Visualization	106	(8)
Types of Shots	106	(1)
Long Shot (LS)	106	(1)
Medium Shot (MS)	107	(1)
Close Shot (CS) or Close-Up (CU)	107	(1)
Camera Angle	108	(1)
Point-of-View Shot (POV Shot)	108	(2)
Reverse-Angle Shot	110	(1)
Low-Angle Shot	110	(1)
High-Angle Shot	110	(1)
Overhead Shot	110	(2)
Stationary versus Mobile Camera Shots	112	(1)
Pan Shot	112	(1)
Tilt Shot	112	(1)
Pedestal Shot	112	(1)
Zoom Shot	112	(1)
Dolly Shot	113	(1)
Trucking Shot	113	(1)
Tracking Shot	114	(1)
Crane or Boom Shot	114	(1)
Composition	114	(7)
Aspect Ratio	114	(1)
Essential Area	114	(1)
Rule of Thirds	115	(1)
Symmetry	115	(2)
Closure	117	(2)
Depth and Perspective	119	(1)
Frame Movement	119	(2)
Image Qualities	121	(1)
Scale and Shape	121	(1)
Speed of Motion	121	(1)
Combining Shots	121	(9)
Straight Cut or Take	122	(1)
Fade	122	(1)
Dissolve	122	(1)
Wipe	122	(1)
Defocus	123	(1)
Swish Pan	123	(1)
Special Effects	124	(1)
Split Screen or Shared Screen	124	(1)
Superimposition	124	(1)
Keying and Chroma Key	124	(1)
Matte and Blue Screen	125	(1)
Negative Image	125	(1)
Freeze-Frame	125	(1)
Digital Transitions	125	(1)
Scene Construction	126	(1)
Continuity Editing	127	(1)
Pace and Rhythm	127	(1)
Compression and Expansion of Time	127	(1)
Screen Directionality	128	(1)
Directional Glances	128	(1)
The 180-Degree Axis of Action Rule	128	(2)
Sound and Image Interaction	130	(3)
On-Screen versus Off-Screen Sound	130	(1)
Commentative versus Actual Sound	130	(1)
Synchronous versus Asynchronous Sound	131	(1)
Parallel versus Contrapuntal Sound	131	(1)
Composing Images for Prerecorded Music	132	(1)
Composing Music for Prerecorded Images	132	(1)
Preparing the Shooting Script	133	(2)
Production Coordination	135	(3)
Production Meetings	135	(1)
Casting	135	(2)
Rehearsals	137	(1)
Performer and Camera Blocking	137	(1)
Multiple-Camera Directing	138	(5)
Timing	140	(1)
Running Time	140	(1)
Timing in Production	140	(1)
On-the-Air Timing	141	(1)
Production Switching	141	(1)
Director's Commands	142	(1)
Live-on-Tape Recording	143	(1)
Single-Camera Directing	143	(4)
Cutaways	145	(1)
Shooting Ratios	146	(1)
Director's Terminology	146	(1)
Summary	147	(2)
Exercises	149	(1)
Additional Readings	150	(1)
Audio/Sound	151	(30)
Introduction	151	(1)
Aesthetics of Audio/Sound	151	(1)
Types of Microphones	152	(2)
Transducer Elements	152	(1)
Pickup Patterns	153	(1)
Impedance	153	(1)
Mic Placement and Selection	154	(12)
On-Camera Mics	154	(2)
Off-Camera Mics	156	(2)
Boom Operation	158	(1)
Boom Placement	159	(2)
Hidden Mics	161	(1)
Selecting the Best Mic	161	(2)
Using Multiple Mics	163	(2)
Stereo Mic Placement	165	(1)
Digital Mic Placement	165	(1)
Sound-Signal Control	166	(10)
Audio Problems: Distortion and Noise	166	(1)
Sound Intensity Measurement	167	(3)
Cables and`Connectors	170	(1)
Mixing	171	(3)
Console Operation	174	(1)
Recording and Mixing Commands	175	(1)
Sound Perspectives	176	(2)
Stereo Sound	176	(1)
Surround Sound	177	(1)
5.1 Sound	178	(1)
Summary	178	(1)
Exercises	179	(1)
Additional Readings	180	(1)
Lighting	181	(36)
Introduction	181	(1)
Lighting Aesthetics	181	(2)
Realist Lighting	181	(1)
Modernist Lighting	182	(1)
Postmodernist Lighting	182	(1)
Light and Color	183	(3)
Sunlight	183	(1)
Tungsten Light	183	(2)
Carbon Arc Light	185	(1)
Metal Halide Light	185	(1)
Fluorescent Light	185	(1)
White Balance	186	(1)
Lighting Instruments	186	(8)
Spotlights	187	(1)
Floodlights	187	(3)
Portable Lights	190	(1)
Mounting Devices	190	(4)
Shaping Devices	194	(1)
Light Control	194	(6)
Lighting Control in the Studio	194	(5)
Lighting Control on Location	199	(1)
Light Measurement	200	(5)
Types of Light Meter Readings	201	(2)
Determining Contrast Ratios	203	(1)
Lighting Ratios	204	(1)
Key-to-Fill Ratio	204	(1)
Key-to-Back Ratio	204	(1)
Contrast Ratios	204	(1)
Adjusting Contrast	204	(1)
Setting Lighting Instruments	205	(7)
Three- and Four-Point Lighting	205	(1)
Key Light	205	(1)
Fill Light	205	(2)
Separation Light	207	(1)
Background Light	207	(2)
Controlling Shadows	209	(1)
Cross Key Lighting	209	(1)
Lighting Moving Subjects	209	(1)
Low-Key versus High-Key Lighting	210	(1)
Lighting Plots	210	(2)
Single-Camera versus Multiple-Camera Situations	212	(1)
Lighting for Digital Cameras	212	(1)
Summary	212	(2)
Exercises	214	(1)
Additional Readings	214	(3)
Camera	217	(30)
Introduction	217	(1)
Digital Cameras	217	(1)
Camera Placement	218	(7)
Framing	218	(2)
Positioning	220	(1)
Movement	221	(1)
Mounting Devices	221	(1)
Body Mount	222	(1)
Tripods	222	(3)
Dollies	225	(1)
Lens Control	225	(8)
Basic Optics	225	(2)
Aberrations	227	(1)
Lens Perspective	228	(1)
Focal Length and Angle of Acceptance	228	(1)
Variable Focal-Length Lens	229	(1)
Field of View	229	(1)
Image Depth	230	(1)
Focus Distance	230	(1)
Lens Aperture	231	(1)
Depth of Field	232	(1)
Video Cameras	233	(5)
Basic Video Camera	233	(1)
The Camera Chain	233	(1)
Video Camera Filters	234	(1)
Types of Video Cameras	235	(1)
Field Cameras	235	(3)
Convertible Video Cameras	238	(1)
Studio Cameras	238	(1)
Film Cameras	238	(4)
Types of Film Cameras	239	(1)
8mm Cameras	239	(1)
16mm Cameras	239	(1)
35mm Cameras	240	(1)
Camera Accessories	241	(1)
Camera Care	242	(1)
Summary	243	(2)
Exercises	245	(1)
Additional Readings	245	(2)
Recording	247	(34)
Introduction	247	(1)
Analog Audio	247	(4)
Audiotape Formats	248	(1)
Analog Audio Recorders	249	(1)
Audiotape Speeds	250	(1)
Digital Audio	251	(4)
Digital Recorders	252	(3)
Analog Video	255	(8)
Composite Video Signal	255	(1)
Video Signal	255	(1)
Synchronization Signal	255	(1)
Control Track Pulse	256	(1)
Monochrome and Color Video	256	(1)
Analog Video Recorders	257	(1)
Scanning Systems	257	(1)
Helical Scan Recording	258	(2)
Analog Videotape Formats	260	(2)
Videotape Sound Synchronization	262	(1)
Digital Video	263	(4)
Signal Compression	263	(1)
Component versus Composite Recording Systems	263	(3)
Digital Videotape Formats	266	(1)
Tapeless Video Recording	266	(1)
Film Recording	267	(10)
Basic Photochemistry	267	(2)
Color Film	269	(1)
Film Exposure	270	(2)
Motion Picture Formats	272	(1)
Film Sound Synchronization	273	(1)
Single-System Film Recording	273	(1)
Double-System Film Recording	274	(1)
Slating	275	(2)
Summary	277	(1)
Exercises	278	(1)
Additional Readings	278	(3)
Design and Graphics	281	(32)
Introduction	281	(1)
Aesthetic Approaches	281	(1)
Realist Design	281	(1)
Modernist Design	282	(1)
Postmodernist Design	282	(1)
Principles of Design	282	(14)
Design Elements	283	(1)
Line	283	(1)
Shape	283	(1)
Texture	283	(1)
Movement	283	(1)
Color	284	(1)
Color Harmony	284	(1)
Color Contrast	284	(1)
Emotional Response to Color	285	(1)
Cultural Response to Color	286	(1)
Composition	286	(1)
Balance	286	(2)
Perspective	288	(1)
Proximity	288	(1)
Similarity	289	(1)
Figure/Ground	289	(2)
Equilibrium	291	(1)
Closure	291	(1)
Correspondence	291	(1)
Emphasis	292	(1)
X-Y-Z Axis	293	(1)
Readability	293	(1)
Image Area	294	(2)
Scanning or Full-Aperture Area	296	(1)
Essential Area	296	(1)
Graphic Applications	296	(6)
Scenic Design	297	(2)
Set Construction	299	(1)
Properties	299	(1)
Costume Design	300	(1)
Makeup	301	(1)
Graphic Design	302	(7)
Principles of Graphic Design	302	(1)
Types of Graphics	303	(1)
Off-Set Graphics	303	(1)
On-Set Graphics	303	(2)
Lettering and Titles	305	(1)
Types of Lettering	306	(1)
Digital Lettering	306	(1)
Credit or Titles	307	(1)
Illustrations	307	(1)
Photographic Illustrations	308	(1)
Computer Graphics	308	(1)
Integration of Design	309	(1)
Camera and Mic Placement	309	(1)
Summary	309	(2)
Exercises	311	(1)
Additional Readings	312	(1)
The Editing Process	313	(18)
Introduction	313	(1)
Editing Stages	314	(7)
Preliminary Editing	318	(2)
Final Editing	320	(1)
Editing Systems	321	(2)
Linear	321	(1)
Nonlinear	322	(1)
Editing Modes	323	(2)
Fiction	323	(1)
Nonfiction	323	(2)
Aesthetic Approaches	325	(3)
Realism	325	(1)
Modernism	326	(1)
Postmodernism	327	(1)
Summary	328	(1)
Additional Readings	329	(2)
Visual Editing	331	(32)
Introduction	331	(1)
Editing Technology and Techniques	332	(19)
Digital Nonlinear Editing	333	(1)
Digitizing or Capturing Video and Film	333	(3)
Digital Nonlinear Editing Hardware	336	(1)
Remote Nonlinear Video Editing	336	(1)
Digital Nonlinear Editing Software	336	(3)
Videotape Linear Editing	339	(1)
Linear Assemble Editing	339	(1)
Insert Editing	340	(1)
Off-Line Videotape Editing Systems	341	(2)
On-Line Editing	343	(1)
Time-Base Corrector	343	(1)
Time Code	343	(1)
Computer-Assisted Time-Code Editing	344	(1)
Computerized Videotape Editing Systems	344	(2)
Film Editing	346	(1)
Screening the Workprint	347	(1)
Assemble Editing	348	(1)
Synchronizing the Dailies	348	(1)
Rough-Cutting	348	(1)
Tape Splicing	349	(1)
Head Leaders	350	(1)
Basic Film-Editing Bench	351	(8)
Editing Machines	353	(1)
Electronic Film Editing	354	(1)
Conforming	355	(1)
Marking the Workprint	355	(1)
Edge Numbers	355	(1)
Splicing the A and B Rolls	356	(2)
Cement Splicing	358	(1)
Combining the A and B Rolls	358	(1)
Summary	359	(2)
Exercises	361	(1)
Additional Readings	361	(2)
Sound Editing	363	(26)
Introduction	363	(2)
Digital Nonlinear Editing	365	(2)
Digital Nonlinear Editing Hardware	366	(1)
Digital Nonlinear Editing Software	366	(1)
Linear Videotape Editing	367	(4)
Nonlinear Video Sound Editing	371	(1)
Magnetic Film Editing	371	(3)
Audiotape Editing	374	(3)
Splicing Audiotape	375	(2)
Sound Mixing Techniques	377	(5)
Summary	382	(4)
Exercises	386	(1)
Additional Readings	386	(3)
Animation and Special Effects	389	(24)
Introduction	389	(1)
Animation	390	(10)
Storyboards and Animation Preproduction	390	(1)
Types of Animation	391	(4)
Animation on the Web	395	(1)
Film Animation	395	(3)
Computer Animation	398	(1)
Motion Capture	399	(1)
Special Effects	400	(9)
Camera Effects	400	(2)
Optical Effects	402	(1)
Digital Effects	403	(2)
Models and Miniatures	405	(2)
Physical Effects	407	(2)
Summary	409	(2)
Exercises	411	(1)
Additional Readings	412	(1)
Distribution and Exhibition	413	(30)
Introduction	413	(1)
Technology of Distribution and Exhibition	414	(11)
Broadcasting, Cable, and Satellite	414	(5)
Theatrical and Nontheatrical	419	(2)
Home Video, Audio, and Multimedia	421	(3)
Corporate and In-House	424	(1)
Economics of Distribution and Exhibition	425	(13)
Broadcasting, Cable, and Satellite	425	(6)
Theatrical and Nontheatrical	431	(3)
Home Video, Audio, and Multimedia	434	(3)
Corporate and In-House	437	(1)
Summary	438	(3)
Exercises	441	(1)
Additional Readings	442	(1)
Glossary	443	(46)
Index	489