Introduction to Media Production : The Path to Digital Media Production

by Musburger; Kindem

• ISBN13: 9780240806471
• ISBN10: 0240806476
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-09-24
• Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology

Summary

Introduction to Media Production, Third Edition, provides students with a practical framework for all aspects of media production by addressing the technological and aesthetic changes that have shaped the industry. Offering both hands-on instruction and theoretical information, it provides a sound basis for the techniques, operations, and philosophies of media production in the new digital environment. The new edition has been updated throughout with detailed information on how digital processes have changed everything from shooting to editing to finishing. It includes content on the Internet, writing for the Internet, Graphics and Animation.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
The Production Process: Analog and Digital Technologies	1	(27)
Topics for Discussion	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(1)
Stages of Production	1	(2)
Preproduction	1	(1)
Production	2	(1)
Postproduction	3	(1)
Digital Versus Analog Technology	3	(6)
Digital Technologies Used in Preproduction	4	(1)
Digital Technologies Used in Production	4	(1)
Digital Technologies Used in Postproduction	5	(4)
A Short History of Audio, Film, and Video Production Technology	9	(3)
Production Terminology	12	(2)
Single-Camera Versus Multiple-Camera and Studio Versus Location Production	14	(2)
Planning for Positive Production Experiences	15	(1)
Avoiding Negative Production Experiences	15	(1)
The Production Team in Audio, Video, Film, and Multimedia Production	16	(6)
Creative Staff in Media Production	16	(1)
The Producer	16	(1)
The Director	17	(1)
The Assistant/Associate Director	18	(1)
The Scriptwriter	18	(1)
The Production Crew in Media Production	18	(1)
The Director of Photography	19	(1)
The Lighting Director	19	(1)
The Camera Operator	19	(1)
The Art Director of Scenic Designer	19	(1)
The Technical Director	20	(1)
The Editor	20	(1)
The Audio Engineer or Mixer	20	(1)
The Video Engineer or Laboratory Color Timer	20	(1)
The Production Team in the Recording Industry	20	(1)
The Producer and Operator	20	(1)
The Arranger	20	(1)
The Production Team in Interactive Multimedia Production	20	(1)
The Developer	20	(1)
The Publisher	21	(1)
The Producer	21	(1)
The Designer	21	(1)
The Writer	21	(1)
The Video Director	21	(1)
The Art Director	21	(1)
The Art Graphic Artist/Animator	21	(1)
The Programmer	21	(1)
Visualization: Images, Sounds, and the Creative Process	22	(1)
Conveying Information	23	(1)
Rhetorical Persuasion	23	(1)
Artistic Expression	23	(1)
Production Aesthetics	23	(3)
Realism	23	(1)
Modernism	24	(1)
Postmodernism	24	(1)
Combining Aesthetic Approaches	25	(1)
Summary	26	(1)
Exercises	27	(1)
Additional Readings	27	(1)
Producing and Production Management	28	(17)
Topics for Discussion	28	(1)
Introduction	28	(1)
Producing	28	(10)
The Role of the Producer	28	(1)
Production Strategies	29	(1)
Market Research	29	(1)
Production Goals and Objectives	30	(1)
Audience Analysis	31	(2)
Proposal Writing	33	(2)
Project Presentations	35	(1)
Legal Rights and Concerns	36	(1)
Unions, Guilds, and Nonunion Working Conditions	36	(2)
Production Management	38	(5)
Script Breakdown	38	(1)
Shooting Schedule	38	(2)
Production Budget	40	(3)
Summary	43	(1)
Exercises	43	(1)
Additional Readings	44	(1)
Scriptwriting	45	(28)
Topics for Discussion	45	(1)
Introduction	45	(1)
Visual Thinking	45	(1)
Preparation for Scriptwriting	46	(2)
Research	47	(1)
Premise, Synopsis, and Outline	47	(1)
Treatments	47	(1)
Scriptwriting Formats	48	(3)
Full-Page Master Scene Script Format	48	(3)
Split-Page Script Format	51	(1)
Semi-Scripted Formats	51	(1)
Fiction Scriptwriting	51	(10)
Dramatic Structure	53	(1)
Act One	54	(1)
Act Two	54	(1)
Act Three	54	(1)
Rising Action: Crises and Climax	54	(1)
Falling Action: Resolution	55	(1)
Text and Subtext	55	(1)
Narrative Structure	55	(1)
Characterization and Theme	56	(2)
Adaptation	58	(2)
Short Fiction Forms and Formats	60	(1)
Interactive Stories and Games	60	(1)
Nonfiction Scriptwriting	61	(10)
Rhetorical and Expository structure	61	(1)
Voice and Point of View	62	(1)
Narration and Interviews	63	(1)
Short Nonfiction Forms and Formats	64	(1)
News Stories	64	(2)
Talk Show	66	(1)
Commercials and Public Service Announcements	67	(2)
Instructional Films and Videos	69	(1)
Interactive Learning and Training	70	(1)
Summary	71	(1)
Exercises	72	(1)
Additional Readings	72	(1)
Directing: Aesthetic Principles and Production Coordination	73	(31)
Topics for Discussion	73	(1)
Introduction	73	(1)
Aesthetic Approaches	73	(2)
Realism	74	(1)
Modernism	74	(1)
Postmodernism	74	(1)
Visualization	75	(4)
Types of Shots	75	(1)
Long Shot (LS)	75	(1)
Medium Shot (MS)	75	(1)
Close Shot (CS) or Close-Up (CU)	76	(1)
Camera Angle	76	(1)
Point-of-View Shot (POV Shot)	76	(1)
Reverse-Angle Shot	77	(1)
Low-Angle Shot	77	(1)
High-Angle Shot	77	(1)
Overhead Shot	77	(1)
Stationary Versus Mobile Camera Shots	77	(1)
Pan Shot	78	(1)
Tilt Shot	78	(1)
Pedestal Shot	78	(1)
Zoom Shot	78	(1)
Dolly Shot	78	(1)
Trucking Shot	78	(1)
Tracking Shot	78	(1)
Crane or Boom Shot	79	(1)
Composition	79	(4)
Aspect Ratio	79	(1)
Essential Area	79	(1)
Rule of Thirds	79	(1)
Symmetry	79	(1)
Closure	80	(2)
Depth and Perspective	82	(1)
Frame Movement	82	(1)
Image Qualities	82	(1)
Scale and Shape	83	(1)
Speed of Motion	83	(1)
Combining Shots	83	(4)
Straight Cut or Take	83	(1)
Fade	83	(1)
Dissolve	83	(1)
Wipe	84	(1)
Defocus	84	(1)
Swish Pan	84	(1)
Special Effects	85	(1)
Split Screen of Shared Screen	85	(1)
Superimposition	85	(1)
Keying and Chroma Key	85	(1)
Matte and Blue Screen	85	(1)
Negative Image	85	(1)
Freeze Frame	85	(1)
Digital Transitions	85	(1)
Scene Construction	85	(1)
Continuity Editing	86	(1)
Pace and Rhythm	86	(1)
Compression and Expansion of Time	86	(1)
Screen Directionality	87	(1)
Directional Glances	87	(1)
The 180-Degree Axis of Action Rule	87	(1)
Sound and Image Interaction	87	(3)
On-Screen Versus Off-Screen Sound	88	(1)
Commentative Versus Actual Sound	89	(1)
Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Sound	89	(1)
Parallel Versus Contrapuntal Sound	89	(1)
Composing Images for Prerecorded Music	89	(1)
Composing Music for Prerecorded Images	90	(1)
Preparing the Shooting Script	90	(2)
Production Coordination	92	(2)
Production Meetings	92	(1)
Casting	92	(1)
Rehearsals	93	(1)
Performer and Camera Blocking	94	(1)
Multiple-Camera Directing	94	(4)
Timing	95	(1)
Running Time	96	(1)
Timing in Production	96	(1)
On-the Air Timing	96	(1)
Production Switching	96	(1)
Director's Commands	97	(1)
Live-on-Tape Recording	98	(1)
Single-Camera Directing	98	(3)
Cutaways	100	(1)
Shooting Ratios	100	(1)
Director's Terminology	100	(1)
Summary	101	(1)
Exercises	102	(1)
Additional Readings	102	(2)
Audio/Sound	104	(20)
Topics for Discussion	104	(1)
Introduction	104	(1)
Aesthetics of Audio/Sound	104	(1)
Types of Microphones	104	(2)
Transducer Elements	105	(1)
Pickup Patterns	106	(1)
Impedance	106	(1)
Mic Placement and Selection	106	(8)
On-Camera Mics	106	(3)
Off-Camera Mics	109	(1)
Boom Operation	109	(1)
Boom Placement	110	(1)
Hidden Mics	110	(1)
Wireless (RF) Mics	111	(1)
Selecting the Best Mic	112	(1)
Using Multiple Mics	113	(1)
Stereo Mic Placement	114	(1)
Digital Mic Placement	114	(1)
Sound-Signal Control	114	(7)
Audio Problems: Distortion and Noise	114	(1)
Sound Intensity Measurement	115	(1)
Cables and Connectors	116	(1)
Mixing	117	(3)
Console Operation	120	(1)
Recording and Mixing Commands	120	(1)
Sound Perspectives	121	(1)
Stereo Sound	121	(1)
Surround Sound	121	(1)
Dolby Digital 5.1 Sound	121	(1)
Summary	121	(1)
Exercises	122	(1)
Additional Readings	123	(1)
Lighting	124	(21)
Topics for Discussion	124	(1)
Introduction	124	(1)
Lighting Aesthetics	124	(1)
Realist Lighting	124	(1)
Modernist Lighting	124	(1)
Postmodernist Lighting	125	(1)
Light and Color	125	(2)
Sunlight	125	(1)
Tungsten Light	125	(1)
Carbon Arc Light	126	(1)
Metal Halide Light	126	(1)
Fluorescent Light	126	(1)
White Balance	127	(1)
Lighting Instruments	127	(4)
Spotlights	128	(1)
Floodlights	128	(1)
Portable Lights	129	(1)
Mounting Devices	129	(1)
Shaping Devices	129	(2)
Light Control	131	(3)
Lighting Control in the Studio	131	(3)
Lighting Control on Location	134	(1)
Light Measurement	134	(5)
Types of Light Meter Readings	135	(1)
Determining Contrast Ratios	136	(1)
Lighting Ratios	136	(1)
Key-to-Fill Ratio	136	(2)
Key-to-Back Ratio	138	(1)
Contrast Ratios	138	(1)
Adjusting Contrast	139	(1)
Setting Lighting Instruments	139	(4)
Three- and Four-Point Lighting	139	(1)
Key Light	139	(1)
Fill Light	139	(1)
Separation Light	139	(1)
Background Light	140	(1)
Controlling Shadows	141	(1)
Cross Key Lighting	141	(1)
Lighting Moving Subjects	141	(1)
Low-Key Versus High-Key Lighting	141	(1)
Lighting Plots	142	(1)
Single-Camera Versus Multiple-Camera Situations	142	(1)
Lighting for Digital Cameras	143	(1)
Summary	143	(1)
Exercises	144	(1)
Additional Readings	144	(1)
Camera	145	(20)
Topics for Discussion	145	(1)
Introduction	145	(1)
Camera Placement	145	(5)
Framing	146	(1)
Positioning	147	(1)
Movement	147	(1)
Mounting Devices	148	(1)
Body Mount	148	(1)
Tripods	148	(1)
Dollies	149	(1)
Lens Control	150	(6)
Basic Optics	151	(1)
Aberrations	152	(1)
Lens Perspective	153	(1)
Focal Length and Angle of Acceptance	153	(1)
Variable Focal-Length Lens	153	(1)
Field of View	153	(1)
Image Depth	153	(1)
Focus Distance	154	(1)
Lens Aperture	154	(1)
Depth of Field	155	(1)
Video Cameras	156	(1)
Basic Video Camera	156	(1)
The Camera Chain	156	(1)
Video Camera Filters	156	(1)
Types of Video Cameras	157	(1)
Digital Cameras	157	(1)
Viewfinder	157	(1)
Body	158	(1)
Optics	158	(1)
Recording	159	(1)
Types of Digital Cameras	159	(1)
Studio Digital Cameras	159	(1)
Electronic Cinema Cameras	159	(1)
Field Digital Cameras	159	(1)
Handheld Digital Cameras	159	(1)
Box/Pencil Digital Cameras	160	(1)
Film Cameras	160	(2)
Types of Film Cameras	160	(1)
8mm Cameras	160	(1)
16mm Cameras	160	(1)
35mm Cameras	161	(1)
Camera Accessories	161	(1)
Camera Care	162	(1)
Summary	162	(1)
Exercises	163	(1)
Additional Readings	163	(2)
Recording	165	(19)
Topics for Discussion	165	(1)
Introduction	165	(1)
Analog Audio	165	(1)
Audiotape Formats	165	(1)
Analog Audio Recorders	166	(1)
Audiotape Speeds	166	(1)
Digital Audio	166	(3)
Digital Recorders	167	(2)
Analog Video	169	(4)
Composite Video Signal	169	(1)
Video Signal	169	(1)
Synchronization Signal	169	(1)
Control Track Pulse	169	(1)
Monochrome and Color Video	169	(1)
Analog Video Recorders	170	(1)
Scanning Systems	170	(1)
Helical Scan Recording	170	(1)
Analog Videotape Formats	171	(2)
Videotape Sound Synchronization	173	(1)
Digital Video	173	(3)
Signal Compression	173	(1)
Component Versus Composite Recording Systems	173	(1)
Digital Videotape Formats	174	(1)
Tapeless Video Recording	175	(1)
Film Recording	176	(5)
Basic Photochemistry	176	(1)
Color Film	176	(1)
Film Exposure	177	(2)
Motion Picture Formats	179	(1)
Film Sound Synchronization	179	(1)
Single-System Film Recording	179	(1)
Double-System Film Recording	180	(1)
Slating	180	(1)
Summary	181	(1)
Exercises	182	(1)
Additional Readings	182	(2)
Design and Graphics	184	(18)
Topics for Discussion	184	(1)
Introduction	184	(1)
Aesthetic Approaches	184	(1)
Realist Design	184	(1)
Modernist Design	185	(1)
Postmodernist design	185	(1)
Principles of Design	185	(7)
Design Elements	185	(1)
Line	185	(1)
Shape	185	(1)
Texture	185	(1)
Movement	186	(1)
Color	186	(1)
Color Harmony	186	(1)
Color Contrast	186	(1)
Emotional Response to Color	186	(1)
Cultural Response to Color	187	(1)
Composition	187	(1)
Balance	187	(1)
Perspective	187	(1)
Proximity	188	(1)
Similarity	188	(1)
Figure/Ground	188	(1)
Equilibrium	188	(1)
Closure	188	(1)
Emphasis	188	(1)
X-Y-Z Axis	189	(1)
Readability	190	(1)
Image Area	191	(1)
Scanning or Full-Aperture Area	192	(1)
Essential Area	192	(1)
Graphic Functions	192	(1)
Graphic Design	192	(10)
Principles of Graphic Design	192	(1)
Types of Graphics	193	(1)
Off-Set Graphics	193	(1)
Computer Graphics	193	(1)
Graphic Applications	193	(1)
Type/Font Measurement	194	(1)
Typography	194	(1)
Searching the Internet	194	(1)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)	194	(1)
Interactivity	194	(1)
Multimedia	195	(1)
On-Set Graphics	195	(1)
Lettering and Titles	196	(1)
Illustrations	197	(1)
Photographic Illustrations	197	(1)
Scenic Design	197	(1)
Set Design	197	(1)
Set Construction	198	(1)
Properties	198	(1)
Costume Design	198	(1)
Makeup	199	(1)
Summary	199	(1)
Exercises	200	(1)
Additional Readings	201	(1)
Visual Editing	202	(22)
Topics for Discussion	202	(1)
Introduction	202	(1)
Aesthetic Approaches	202	(2)
Realism	202	(2)
Modernism	204	(1)
Postmodernism	204	(1)
Editing Modes	204	(2)
Fiction	204	(1)
Nonfiction	205	(1)
Editing Technology and Techniques	206	(10)
Digital Nonlinear Editing	206	(1)
Digitizing or Capturing Video and Film	206	(3)
Digital Nonlinear Editing Hardware	209	(1)
Remote Nonlinear Video Editing	209	(1)
Digital Nonlinear Editing Software	209	(2)
Videotape Linear Editing	211	(1)
Linear Assemble Editing	211	(1)
Insert Editing	211	(1)
Linear Editing Process	212	(1)
Time Code	213	(1)
Post Production Techniques	213	(1)
Film Editing	213	(1)
Screening the Workprint	214	(1)
Assemble Editing	214	(1)
Synchronizing the Dailies	215	(1)
Rough-Cutting	215	(1)
Tape Splicing	215	(1)
Head Leaders	216	(1)
Basic Film-Editing Bench	216	(5)
Editing Machines	217	(1)
Digital Film Editing	218	(1)
Conforming	219	(1)
Making the Workprint	219	(1)
Edge Numbers	219	(1)
Splicing the A and B Rolls	220	(1)
Cement Splicing	220	(1)
Combining the A and B Rolls	221	(1)
Summary	221	(1)
Exercises	222	(1)
Additional Readings	223	(1)
Sound Editing	224	(15)
Topics for Discussion	224	(1)
Introduction	224	(1)
Realist	224	(1)
Modernist	225	(1)
Post Modernist	225	(1)
Digital Nonlinear Editing	225	(3)
Digital Nonlinear Editing Hardware	226	(1)
Digital Nonlinear Editing Software	226	(2)
Linear Videotape Editing	228	(2)
Magnetic Film Editing	230	(1)
Audiotape Editing	231	(5)
Splicing Audiotape	231	(1)
Sound Mixing Techniques	232	(4)
Summary	236	(1)
Exercises	237	(1)
Additional Readings	238	(1)
Animation and Special Effects	239	(16)
Topics for Discussion	239	(1)
Introduction	239	(1)
Animation	240	(6)
Storyboards and Animation Preproduction	240	(1)
Types of Animation	240	(3)
Computer Animation	243	(1)
3-D Computer Animation	243	(1)
Motion Capture	244	(1)
Animation on the Web	244	(1)
Film Animation	244	(2)
Special Effects	246	(5)
Digital Effects	246	(1)
Camera Effects	247	(1)
Optical Effects	248	(1)
Models and Miniatures	249	(1)
Physical Effects	250	(1)
Summary	251	(2)
Exercises	253	(1)
Additional Readings	253	(2)
Distribution and Exhibition	255	(20)
Topics for Discussion	255	(1)
Introduction	255	(1)
Technology of Distribution and Exhibition	256	(7)
Broadcasting, Cable, and Satellite	256	(3)
Theatrical and Nontheatrical	259	(2)
Home Video, Audio, and Multimedia	261	(1)
Corporate and In-House	262	(1)
Economics of Distribution and Exhibition	263	(9)
Broadcasting, Cable, and Satellite	263	(4)
Theatrical and Nontheatrical	267	(2)
Home Video, Audio, and Multimedia	269	(2)
Corporate and In-House	271	(1)
Summary	272	(1)
Exercises	273	(1)
Additional Readings	274	(1)
Glossary	275	(32)
Index	307