Introduction to Microwave Circuits Radio Frequency and Design Applications

by Weber, Robert J.

• ISBN13: 9780780347045
• ISBN10: 0780347048
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-23
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

"Do you want to design a wireless transmitter or receiver for hand-held telephones? Have you wondered why the printed circuit wires on high-frequency circuits don't always run in a straight line? This valuable text will answer all of your questions regarding component parasitics and circuit characterization for rf/microwave amplifier, oscillator, and filter circuit design and analysis. You will understand why capacitors act as inductors and vice versa and why amplifiers work like oscillators, while oscillators for local area networks work more like local area heaters. Application of the information in Introduction to Microwave Circuits will reduce design-cycle time and costs, markedly increasing the probability of first-time success in printed circuit or monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) design. Several approaches are taken into consideration, such as the effects of currents on the ground plane, bypass and coupling capacitors, and nonlinear effects in linear circuits. Featured topics include:Incorporation of component parasitics in the design cycleClosed form solution to oscillator designOdd mode stability analysisPIN diode analysis for high-power switching applications An integrated design example of a 1.25 GHz amplifier, oscillator, and filter printed circuit is also included, which could be useful in printed circuit board designs from tens of megahertz to tens of gigahertz. Introduction to Microwave Circuits provides the tools necessary to analyze or synthesize microwave circuits. This text is an essential reference for undergraduate students, microwave engineers, and administrators. Also, it will assist experienced designers in other fields to meet the current rapid expansion of communication system applications and work effectively in microwave circuit design. About the Author Robert J. Weber began his prolific career in the Solid State Research Laboratory at the Collins Radio Company, later a part of Rockwell International. For 25 years, he worked on advanced development and applied research in the one- to ten-gigahertz frequency range and received several distinguished awards for his valuable contributions to the field. Dr. Weber is involved in ongoing experimental research in integrating microwave circuits with other devices such as MEMS, chemical sensors, and electro-optics. Also, he teaches microwave circuit design and fiber-optics communications at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University. Dr. Weber is an IEEE Fellow." Sponsored by: IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society.

Author Biography

About the Author Robert J. Weber began his prolific career in the Solid State Research Laboratory at the Collins Radio Company, later a part of Rockwell International. For 25 years, he worked on advanced development and applied research in the one- to ten-gigahertz frequency range and received several distinguished awards for his valuable contributions to the field. Presently, Dr. Weber is involved in ongoing experimental research in integrating microwave circuits with other devices such as MEMS, chemical sensors, and electro-optics. Also, he teaches microwave circuit design and fiber-optics communications at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University. Dr. Weber is an IEEE Fellow.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvi
Microwave Circuits	1	(10)
Introduction	1	(2)
Circuit Elements	3	(8)
Ground Planes	3	(1)
Linear R, L, C Circuit Elements	4	(1)
Distributed Parameter Circuits	5	(4)
Transmission Line Types	9	(2)
Models, Modeling, and Characterization	11	(50)
Modeling and Characterization	11	(1)
Two Terminal Components	12	(1)
Two-Port Circuits	12	(4)
Two-Port Parameters	13	(1)
Immittance Two-Port Parameters	13	(1)
Chain Two-Port Parameters	14	(1)
Hybrid Two-Port Parameters	15	(1)
S Parameters (Scattering Parameters--Voltage Referenced)	16	(9)
S Parameters--One-Port	16	(2)
S Parameters--Multiport	18	(3)
Relationships between S Parameters and Other Parameters	21	(3)
The Series and the Shunt Impedance Circuits	24	(1)
Measuring the Series R of a Series R-L-C Circuit	24	(1)
T Parameters	25	(2)
The Smith ® Chart	27	(7)
Bilinear Transformations and the Reflection Coefficient Plane	27	(1)
Straight Lines in the Impedance Plane on the Reflection Coefficient Chart	28	(2)
The Z-Y Chart	30	(2)
Extended (Compressed) Reflection Coefficient Chart	32	(2)
Normalization Impedance Change	34	(1)
The Carter Chart	34	(1)
Transmission Line Model	34	(5)
S Matrix of a Transmission Line	34	(2)
The S Matrix of a Lossy Transmission Line	36	(1)
Input Reflection Coefficient Seen Looking into a Terminated Two-Port	37	(1)
Shift of Reference Plane on a Transmission Line	38	(1)
Components--Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, and Stubs	39	(18)
Resistor Components	40	(3)
Capacitor Components	43	(5)
Inductor Components	48	(2)
MMIC Inductors	50	(1)
Stubs	50	(2)
Stubs in Parallel or Series	52	(2)
Input Immittance into Lossy Stubs	54	(1)
Foreshortening Stubs	55	(2)
Test Fixture Consideration	57	(1)
Transmission Line Discontinuities	58	(3)
S-Parameter Measurement Methods	61	(22)
S-Parameter Measurement Methods	61	(16)
S-Parameter Measurement Using an Oscilloscope	61	(1)
S-Parameter Measurement Using Traveling Waves	62	(3)
Measuring the S Parameter with a Slotted Line	65	(1)
One-Plus-Γ Method of Measuring Scattering Parameters	66	(4)
Low-Impedance Scattering Parameter Measurements	70	(1)
Scattering Parameters Using Load Pull Methods	70	(3)
A General Relationship for Determining Scattering Parameters	73	(4)
Scattering Parameter Calculations Using Spice	77	(1)
Network Analyzer Calibration	78	(5)
Basic Network Analyzer and a Phase-Adjustment Procedure	80	(3)
Multiport and Differential-Mode Scattering Parameters	83	(22)
Three-Port and Four-Port Scattering Parameters	83	(1)
Two-Port to Three-Port and Three-Port to Two-Port Conversions	83	(4)
Two-Port to Three-Port Conversion	83	(2)
Two-Port to Three-Port and Three-Port to Two-Port Conversion for Three-Terminal Networks	85	(2)
Mutual Inductance Considerations	87	(1)
Three-Port and Four-Port Scattering Parameters	87	(14)
Multiport Analysis	87	(2)
Even-and Odd-Mode Analysis	89	(1)
Scattering Parameters for Differential-and Common-Mode Circuits	90	(11)
Four-Port Mixed-Mode Scattering Parameter Example	101	(4)
Stability, Stabilization, and Gain	105	(30)
Stability and Gain Considerations	105	(1)
Two-Port Reflection Coefficients	106	(1)
Input, Load, Source, and Output Reflection Coefficients	106	(1)
Stability	107	(15)
Even-Mode and Odd-Mode Considerations	109	(1)
Two-Port Even-Mode Stability Considerations	110	(4)
Resistances Needed For Even-Mode Stability	114	(5)
Two-Port Odd-Mode Stability Considerations	119	(3)
Mixed-Mode Scattering Parameter Stability	122	(1)
Simultaneous Conjugate Match	122	(2)
Gain Definitions	124	(7)
Transducer Gain	125	(2)
Power Gain	127	(1)
Available Gain	128	(1)
Gain at Simultaneous Match	128	(1)
Unilateral Transducer Gain	129	(2)
Unilateral Gain Circles	131	(1)
Maximum Gain versus Common-Mode Inductance	131	(4)
Matching Networks, Attenuators, and Phase Shifters	135	(24)
Matching Networks	135	(1)
Finding the Optimum Susceptance When the Load Conductance Is Given	136	(3)
Simple Matching Networks for Matching between Two Values of Resistance	139	(7)
Q2 + 1 Method	139	(2)
Multiple-Step Q2 + 1 Transformations	141	(1)
Matching with a Single Transmission Line	142	(1)
Matching Using Two Transmission Lines of Different Characteristic Impedance	143	(3)
Kuroda's Identities	146	(3)
De-embedding Procedures	149	(3)
Using De-embedding to Determine Device Impedances	149	(2)
Using De-embedding to Compensate for Short Transmission Lines	151	(1)
Compensation for Transmission Line Pads	152	(1)
Symmetrical Attenuators	153	(2)
Matched Attenuators	153	(2)
Lumped-Constant Phase Shifters	155	(4)
RF/Microwave Power Generation Considerations	159	(28)
Power Device Considerations	159	(1)
Bias Conditions	160	(1)
Conduction Duty Cycles	160	(1)
Load Line Considerations	161	(2)
Push-Pull Class B	163	(1)
Less than One-Hundred-Percent Conduction Duty Factor--Class A, B, and C	164	(5)
Class D Circuits	169	(2)
Class E Circuits	171	(1)
Class F Circuits	172	(1)
Class S Operation	173	(1)
General Comments about Classes of Operation	174	(1)
Load Mismatch Effects on Power Amplifier Circuits	174	(5)
Finding the Optimum Reactance	179	(1)
Collector to Base Harmonic Generation in Power Bipolar Devices	179	(8)
Resonators and Oscillators	187	(34)
Oscillators	187	(1)
Resonators	187	(12)
Characterizing Resonators	188	(3)
Reactance Slopes and Q of Immittances and Reflection Coefficients	191	(6)
Resonator Q Measured as a One-Port and as a Two-Port	197	(2)
Equation of a Circle Given Three Points	199	(1)
Oscillator Design	199	(22)
Oscillator Conditions	199	(1)
One-Port Oscillator	199	(1)
Some n-Port Oscillator Design Considerations	200	(1)
Three-Terminal Device Oscillator Design	201	(3)
Three-Terminal Device Oscillator with a Load Impedance Constraint	204	(5)
Loop Oscillator Design	209	(7)
Oscillator Operating Point Stability	216	(1)
Oscillator Frequency versus Load Impedance Changes--Pulling	217	(2)
Calculating VSWR with Computer-Aided Design Circuits	219	(1)
Power Supply Pushing	219	(2)
Microwave Filter Design	221	(36)
Filter Design	221	(1)
Filter Review	221	(1)
Scaling a Prototype	222	(2)
Impedance Scaling a Low-Pass Prototype	223	(1)
Frequency Scaling a Low-Pass Prototype	223	(1)
Transforming a Low-Pass Prototype to a Bandpass, Bandstop, or High-Pass Configuration	224	(1)
Practical Filter Circuits	225	(1)
Reactance Slope Parameters	226	(1)
Tapped L-C Resonators	227	(1)
Filter Design Using Inverters	227	(8)
Impedance Inverters	228	(1)
Filter Design Using Inverters--Center Sections	229	(4)
Filter Design Using Inverters--End Sections	233	(2)
A Two-Pole Microstrip Filter Design Example	235	(4)
Resonator Analysis--Comb Line Filter Example	235	(1)
Inverter Analysis--Comb Line Filter Example	236	(1)
End Section Analysis--Comb Line Filter Example	236	(2)
Filter Example--Two-Pole Comb Line Butterworth Filter	238	(1)
Coupled-Line Filters	239	(8)
Coupled-Line Filters--Open-Circuit InterDigital Sections	239	(7)
Coupled-Line Filter Design Example--Interdigital Sections	246	(1)
Shunt Stub Filters	247	(1)
Impedance Scaling and Impedance Matching with Filters	248	(1)
Unit Element Filter Design	249	(1)
Microwave Diplexers	249	(3)
Modeling of Loss in Distributed Resonator Filters	252	(1)
Tuning of Multiple-Pole Filters	253	(4)
Noise Considerations for Microwave Circuits	257	(10)
Noise	257	(1)
Noise Voltages and Current and Superposition	257	(2)
Thermal Noise	259	(1)
Thermal Noise and Two-Ports	260	(2)
Noise Figure of Cascaded Stages	262	(1)
Noise Figure Circles	263	(1)
Gain and Noise Figure Circles	264	(3)
Detection and Mixing	267	(18)
Mixers and Detectors	267	(1)
Diode and Crystal Detectors	267	(2)
Thermal Detectors	269	(1)
Peak Detectors	270	(1)
Heterodyne Schemes	270	(2)
Detector Saturation	272	(1)
Detector Diode and Mixer Diode Source Impedance	273	(1)
Mixers	273	(1)
The Signal and Its Image	274	(1)
Single-Ended Mixers	275	(1)
Balanced Mixers	276	(5)
Single-Balanced Mixer	276	(3)
Double-Balanced Mixers	279	(1)
Image-Canceling Mixers	280	(1)
Intermodulation Products	281	(4)
Mixer Intermodulation Products	281	(1)
Linear Circuit Intermodulation	282	(1)
Cross-Modulation Effects	283	(2)
Microwave Components	285	(60)
Microwave Components	285	(1)
Diodes	285	(8)
Circuit Analysis for Diodes	285	(1)
Diode Packages	286	(1)
Varactor Diode	286	(2)
PIN Diode Characteristics	288	(1)
General Diode Considerations	288	(2)
RF Switching Behavior	290	(3)
Schottky Diodes	293	(1)
Gunn Diodes	294	(1)
IMPATT Diodes	295	(1)
Bipolar Transistors	296	(4)
MESFET Transistors	300	(1)
Dual-Gate MESFET Transistors	301	(1)
MOSFET Transistors	302	(1)
Transformers and Baluns	303	(4)
Transformers with Cores	303	(2)
Transmission Line Transformers	305	(1)
Transformer Baluns	306	(1)
Coupled Lines	307	(4)
Triax	311	(1)
Directional Couplers	312	(2)
Ideal Directional Couplers	312	(1)
Nonideal Directional Couplers	313	(1)
Dual-Directional Couplers with Internal Terminations	314	(3)
Transformer Couplers	314	(1)
Transformer Couplers--L12 = 0	315	(2)
Two Core Transformer-Based Directional Couplers	317	(3)
Forward Analysis--Coupler	317	(1)
Forward Analysis--Power Divider	318	(1)
Scattering Matrix Analysis	319	(1)
Reverse Analysis--Coupler	320	(1)
Coupled Transformer Pair--Balun	320	(1)
Coupled-Line Couplers and Hybrids	320	(5)
Three-dB Hybrid	320	(2)
Transmission Line Hybrids	322	(1)
Branch Line Ninety-Degree Hybrid	322	(1)
Transmission Line Rat Race	322	(2)
Hybrid with Transmission Lines and a Coupled Line	324	(1)
Resistive Power Splitters	325	(1)
Wilkinson Power Splitters	326	(1)
Ferrite Bead	327	(4)
Bond Wire	331	(4)
Ground Contact	335	(2)
Circulator	337	(1)
Crystal Equivalent Circuit	338	(1)
YIG Equivalent Circuit	338	(1)
Gyrator	339	(1)
Hybrid Coupled Amplifiers	339	(3)
Limiter	342	(3)
Pulsed Microwave Circuit Analysis	345	(8)
Combined Digital and Analog Circuits	345	(1)
Pulse Analysis Using Fourier Series	346	(7)
Nonlinear Effects in Microwave Circuits	353	(6)
Nonlinear Effects	353	(1)
Subharmonic and Parametric Oscillations	353	(2)
Motorboating Oscillations	355	(1)
Mixing Oscillations	356	(1)
Coupling Capacitors and Bypass Capacitors	357	(2)
Amplifier, Oscillator, and Filter Circuit Design Examples	359	(30)
Circuit Designs	359	(1)
Active Device Scattering Parameters--Device Model	360	(1)
Matched Amplifier Design	360	(11)
Device Characterization and Mounting	360	(1)
Device Stabilization	361	(4)
Matching for Simultaneous Conjugate Match	365	(1)
Matching for Simultaneous Conjugate Match--No Parasitic Compensation	366	(1)
Matching for Simultaneous Conjugate Match with Parasitic Compensation	367	(3)
Bias Circuit Stability	370	(1)
Shunt Oscillator Design	371	(5)
Determining the Active Device Load Line for the Shunt Oscillator	371	(1)
Determining the Device Termination Impedances for the Shunt Oscillator	372	(1)
Determining the Shunt Oscillator Circuit Configuration	373	(1)
Examining the Output Impedance of the Shunt Oscillator	373	(3)
Loop Oscillator Design	376	(7)
Loop Oscillator Design--Amplifier Design	376	(2)
Loop Oscillator Design--Component Reduction	378	(2)
Examining the Output Impedance of the Loop Oscillator	380	(1)
Shifting the Locus of an Oscillator for Maximum Stability	381	(2)
One-Gigahertz Three-Pole Comb Line Filter Design	383	(6)
Inverter Design for a Three-Pole Comb Line Filter	383	(1)
Physical Design for a Three-Pole Comb Line Filter	384	(1)
Calculated Responses for the Three-Pole Comb Line Filter	385	(1)
Transmission Line Inverter Design for a Three-Pole Comb Line Filter	386	(3)
Appendix A An Approximate Formula for the Characteristic Impedance of a Microstrip Line	389	(2)
Appendix B Some Complex Variable Facts	391	(2)
Appendix C Matric Multiplication	393	(2)
Appendix D Resistor, Capacitor, and Inductor Component Modeling	395	(20)
Appendix E Chip Resistor Sizes--Nominal Sizes Only	415	(2)
Appendix F S Parameters (Scattering Parameters--Current Referenced)	417	(2)
Appendix G Modeling Using an Equivalent Mechanical Model	419	(2)
Bibliography	421	(6)
Index	427	(5)
About the Author	432