Minerals | |
Introduction | |
Minerals | |
Mineraloids | |
Mineralogy | |
Mineral Nomenclature | |
General References on Mineralogy | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Crystallography | |
Introduction | |
Translational Symmetry | |
Plane Lattices | |
Translational Symmetry: 3-DSpace Lattices and Unit Cell | |
Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems | |
Point Symmetry | |
Reflection | |
Rotation | |
Inversion | |
Compound Symmetry Operations | |
Symmetry Notation | |
32 Point Groups | |
Steno's Law | |
Measurement of Crystal Angles | |
Determining Crystal System and Crystal Class | |
Space Groups | |
Crystal Faces | |
Laws of Hauy and Bravais | |
Miller Indices | |
Indices and Crystal Axes in the Hexagonal Crystal System | |
Determining Miller Index | |
Assigning Miller Indexes by Inspection | |
Crystallographic Directions | |
Zones | |
Crystal Forms | |
Isometric Forms | |
Non-isometric Forms | |
Combining Crystal Forms | |
Enantiomorphous Forms and Crystals | |
Positive and Negative Forms | |
Forms in the Six Crystal Systems | |
Triclinic Crystal System | |
Monoclinic Crystal System | |
Orthorhombic Crystal System | |
Tetragonal Crystal System | |
Hexagonal Crystal System | |
Isometric Crystal System | |
Crystal Habit | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Crystal Chemistry | |
Introduction | |
The Nature of Chemical Elements | |
Nucleus | |
Eclectrons | |
Formation of Ions | |
Abundance of the Elements | |
Chemical Bonding | |
Valence-related bonding | |
Relation among the Valence-dependent Bonds | |
Bonds Not Involving Valence Electrons | |
Size of Atoms and Ions | |
Oxidation State | |
Coordination | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Crystal Structure Introduction | |
Introduction | |
Controls of Crystal Structure | |
Structure Controls with Metallic Bonding | |
Structure Controls with Covalent Bonding | |
Structural Controls with Molecular Crystals | |
Structure Controls with Ionic Bonding | |
Application of Pauling's Rules | |
Illustrating Mineral Structures | |
Isostructural Minerals | |
Polymorphism | |
Reconstructive Polymorphism | |
Displacive Polymorphism | |
Order-Disorder Polymorphism | |
Polytypism | |
Mineral Classification | |
Compositional Variation in Minerals | |
Substitutional Solid Solution | |
Mineral Formulas | |
Graphical Representation | |
Binary diagrams | |
Ternary diagrams | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Mineral Growth | |
Introduction | |
Mineral Stabiley | |
Stability | |
Gibbs Free Energy | |
Mineral reactions | |
Mineral Nucleation | |
Homogeneous Nucleation | |
Heterogeneous Nucleation | |
Crystal Growth | |
Rate of Growth | |
Zoned Crystals | |
Structural Defects | |
Point Defects | |
Line Defects | |
Planar Defects | |
Twinning | |
Post-crystallization Processes | |
Ordering | |
Twinning | |
Recrystallization | |
Exsolution | |
Radioactivity and Minerals | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Mineral Properties of Minerals | |
Physical Properties of Minerals | |
Introduction | |
Mass Dependent Properties | |
Density | |
Specific Gravity | |
Properties Related to Mechanical Cohesion | |
Harness | |
Tenacity | |
Cleavage | |
Fracture | |
Parting | |
Color and Luster | |
Light | |
Perception of Color | |
Mineral Luster | |
Mineral Color | |
Color From Mechanical Causes | |
Consistency of Mineral Color | |
Streak | |
Luminescence | |
Magnetism | |
Diamagnetism | |
Paramagnetism | |
Ferromagnetism | |
Ferrimagnetism | |
Electrical Properties | |
Electrical Conductivity | |
Piezoelectricity | |
Pyroelectricity | |
Miscellaneous Properties | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Optical Mineralogy | |
Introduction | |
Light | |
Light Waves | |
Polarized Light | |
Interaction of Light and Matter | |
Optically Isotropic vs. Anisotropic Materials | |
Reflection and Refraction | |
Dispersion | |
Petrographic Microscope | |
Illuminator | |
Substage Assembly | |
Microscope Stage | |
Objective Lenses | |
Upper Polarize | |
Bertrand Lens | |
Oculars | |
Focusing Mechanism | |
Accessories | |
Direction Conventions | |
Isotropic Materials | |
Anisotropic Minerals | |
Interference Phenomena | |
Use of the Interference Color Chart | |
Extinction | |
Function of Accessory Plates | |
Optical Indicatrix | |
Isotropic Indicatrix | |
Uniaxial Indicatrix | |
Biaxial Indicatrix | |
Mineral Color and Pleochroism | |
Isotropic Minerals | |
Uniaxial Minerals | |
Biaxial | |
Extinction Angle and Sign of Elongation | |
Extinction Angle | |
Sign of Elongation | |
Categories of Extinction | |
Extinction in Uniaxial Minerals | |
Interference Figures | |
Uniaxial Interference Figures | |
Biaxial Interference Figure | |
Refractometry: Measurement of Index of Refraction | |
Immersion Method | |
Refractometry in Thin Section | |
Isotropic Minerals | |
Uniaxial Minerals | |
Biaxial Minerals | |
Reflected-Light Optics | |
Observation in Plane Polarized Light | |
Observations with Crossed Polarizers | |
Tactics for Mineral Identification | |
Thin section identification | |
Grain Mount Identification | |
Polished section identification | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Introduction to X-ray Crystallography | |
Introduction | |
X-rays | |
X-ray Generation | |
X-ray Detection | |
X-ray Diffraction | |
Powder Method | |
Sample Preparation | |
Instrumental Output | |
Data Reduction | |
Powder Diffraction File | |
Bragg Reflection Indices | |
Mineral Identification | |
Mixed Samples | |
Estimation of Relative Mineral Abundance | |
Estimation of Composition | |
Determining Unit Cell Parameters | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Chemical Analysis of Minerals | |
Introduction | |
Analytical Methods | |
Wet Chemical | |
Electron Probe Microanalysis | |
X-ray Fluorescence | |
Mass Spectrometry | |
Conventions in Reporting Chemical Analyses | |
Conversion of Chemical Analyses to Structural Formulas | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Strategies for Study | |
Introduction | |
Mineral Identification Tactics | |
Mineral Separation | |
Hand Sample Identification | |
Thin | |
Dentification | |
Grain Mount Identification | |
Polished | |
Dentification | |
X-ray Diffraction | |
Mineral Association | |
Problems in Paradise | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Index | |
Silicates | |
Silicates | |
Introduction | |
Silicate Structure and Classification | |
Mafic vs. Felsic | |
Igneous Rocks | |
Magmatic Processes | |
Igneous Environments | |
Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks | |
Sedimentary Processes | |
Sedimentary Environments | |
Metamorphic Rocks | |
Metamorphic Variables | |
Metamorphic Processes | |
Metamorphic Grade, Facies, Mineral Zone Boundaries and Isograds | |
Major Compositional Groups of Metamorphic Rocks | |
Metamorphic Environments | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Framework Silicates | |
Introduction | |
Silica Group | |
Quartz | |
Tridymite | |
Cristobalite | |
Feldspar Group | |
Composition | |
Structure | |
AI/Si Order/Disorder | |
Exsolution in the Feldspars | |
Other Feldspar Intergrowths | |
Twinning | |
Plagioclase | |
K-Feldspar | |
Feldspathoids | |
Nepheline | |
Leucite | |
Sodalite | |
Zeolite Group | |
Scapolite | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Sheet Silicates | |
Introduction | |
Structure and Classification1:1 Layer Silicates | |
2:1 Layer Silicates | |
Polytypism | |
TO Structures (1:1) | |
Serpentine (Antigorite, Chrysotile, Lizardite) | |
Kaolinite | |
TOT Structures | |
Talc | |
Pyrophyllite | |
TOT + c Structures: Mica Minerals (2:1) | |
Muscovite | |
Biotite | |
Glauconite | |
TOT + c Structures: Brittle Micas (2:1) | |
Margarite | |
Clintonite | |
TOT + O Structure | |
Chlorite | |
Clay Minerals | |
Structure and Classification | |
Geology of Clay | |
Identification | |
Uses | |
Clay in the Environment | |
Other Sheet Silicates | |
Stilpnomelane | |
Prehnite | |
Chain Silicates | |
Introduction | |
Pyroxene group | |
Structure and Classification | |
Geology of Pyroxenes | |
Orthopyroxene | |
Lo-Ca Clinopyroxene | |
Calcic Clinopyroxene | |
Aegirine (Acmite), Aegirine-augite | |
Jadeite | |
Omphacite | |
Spodumene | |
Pyroxenoid Group | |
Introduction | |
Wollastonite | |
Rhodonite | |
Pectolite | |
Amphibole Group | |
Structure and Classification | |
Geology of Amphiboles | |
Orthoamphibole | |
Cummingtonite-Grunerite | |
Tremolite - Ferro-actinolite | |
Hornblende | |
Glaucophane - Riebeckite | |
Other amphiboles | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Disilicates and Ring Silicates | |
Disilicates | |
Structure and Classification | |
Zoisite | |
Clinozoisite-Epidote | |
Allanite | |
Lawsonite | |
Pumpellyitering Silicates | |
Structure and Classification | |
Beryl | |
Cordierite | |
Tourmaline | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Orthosilicates | |
Introduction | |
Olivine Group | |
Garnet Group | |
Zircon | |
Aluminum Silicates | |
Andalusite | |
Sillimanite | |
Kyanite | |
Staurolite | |
Chloritoid | |
Titanite | |
Topaz | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Borates, Tungstates, and Molybdates | |
Structure and Classification | |
Carbonates | |
Rhombohedral Carbonates (Calcite and Dolomite Groups) | |
Calcite | |
Magnesite | |
Siderite | |
Rhodochrosite | |
Dolomite-Ankerite | |
Aragonite Group | |
Aragonite | |
Witherite | |
Strontianite | |
OH-Bearing Carbonates | |
Malachite | |
Azurite | |
Sulfates | |
Gypsum | |
Anhydrite | |
Barite | |
Phosphates | |
Apatite | |
Monazite | |
Xenotime | |
Tourquoise | |
Tungstates and Molybdates | |
Borates | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides | |
Introduction | |
Oxides | |
X20 Group | |
Cuprite | |
Ice | |
XO Group | |
XY204 Minerals | |
Spinel Group | |
Magnetite | |
Chromite | |
Spinel Series | |
Chrysoberyl | |
X2O3 Group | |
Hematite | |
Corundum | |
Ilmenite | |
XO2 Group | |
Rutile | |
Cassiterite | |
Uraninite | |
Hydroxides | |
Brucite | |
Iron Hydroxide Minerals | |
Aluminum Hydroxide Minerals | |
Manganese Oxide and Hydroxide Minerals | |
Halides | |
Halite | |
Sylvite | |
Fluorite | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Sulfides and Related Minerals | |
Introduction | |
Crystal Chemistry and Classification | |
Sulfide Paragenesis | |
Hydrothermal Deposits | |
Supergene Processes | |
Sulfide Minerals | |
Sphalerite | |
Galena | |
Pyrrhotite | |
Chalcopyrite | |
Cinnabar | |
Pyrite | |
Marcasite | |
Molybdenite | |
Bornite | |
Chalcocite | |
Covellite | |
Sulfarsenides | |
Arsenopyrite | |
Arsenides | |
Tellurides | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
Native Elements | |
Introduction | |
Metals | |
Gold | |
Silver | |
Copper | |
Semimetals | |
Nonmetals | |
Sulfur | |
Graphite | |
Diamond | |
References Cited and Suggestions for Reading | |
Appendices | |
Effective Ionic Radii of the Elements | |
Determinative Tables | |
Non-metallic minerals with white, gray, or other pale colored streak | |
Non-metallic minerals with distinctly colored streak | |
Minerals with metallic and submetallic luster | |
Specific gravity | |
Minerals that may fluoresce | |
Color of minerals in thin section and grain mount | |
Indices of refraction of isotropic minerals | |
Indices of refraction of uniaxial minerals | |
Indices of refraction of biaxial negative minerals arranged in order of increasing n? | |
Indices of refraction of biaxial positive minerals arranged in order of increasing n? | |
Minerals that produce pleochroic halos in surrounding minerals | |
Colors exhibited by opaque minerals in polished section viewed in air | |
Opaque or nearly opaque minerals that display internal reflections with reflected light | |
Mineral Associations | |
Mineralogy of Common Igneous Rocks | |
Mineralogy of Sedimentary Rocks | |
Mineralogy of Common Metamorphic Rocks | |
Mineralogy of Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposits | |
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