Introduction to Modern Virology, 6th Edition

by Nigel Dimmock (University of Warwick); Andrew Easton (University of Warwick); Keith Leppard (University of Warwick)

• ISBN13: 9781405136457
• ISBN10: 1405136456
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Introduction to Modern Virology has been an established student text for over 25 years. The 6th edition is even more accessible, now including key points and integrative questions in every chapter, as well as text boxes emphasizing take-home messages, evidence underpinning the main concepts, and further information for more advanced readers.

Author Biography

Nigel Dimmock is an internationally acclaimed virologist who has spent the major part of his career at the University of Warwick’s Department of Biological Sciences, where he is currently an emeritus professor. His main research interests are influenza viruses, HIV, and antiviral immunology.

Andrew Easton is professor of virology at the University of Warwick. Having spent two years working in the pharmaceutical industry he joined the department at Warwick in 1983 and became Head of the Virology Group in 1998. Easton’s research focuses on the molecular biology of pneumoviruses.

Keith Leppard is a reader at the University of Warwick. His research focuses on the interactions of adenovirus with the host cell, in particular the effects of adenoviral proteins on functions of the cell nucleus, and on the development of adenovirus as a gene delivery vehicle.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Part I: What is a virus?	1	(58)
Towards a definition of a virus	3	(15)
Discovery of viruses	4	(2)
Development of virus assays	6	(2)
Multiplication of viruses	8	(1)
The virus multiplication cycle	9	(1)
Viruses can be defined in chemical terms	10	(3)
Multiplication of bacterial and animal viruses is fundamentally similar	13	(1)
Viruses can be manipulated genetically	14	(1)
Properties of viruses	15	(1)
Origin of viruses	15	(3)
Key points	16	(1)
Further reading	17	(1)
Some methods for studying animal viruses	18	(12)
Selection of a culture system	18	(5)
Identification of viruses using antibodies (serology)	23	(4)
Detection, identification, and cloning of virus genomes using PCR and RT-PCR	27	(3)
Key points	28	(1)
Further reading	29	(1)
The structure of virus particles	30	(19)
Virus particles are constructed from subunits	30	(2)
The structure of filamentous viruses and nucleoproteins	32	(1)
The structure of isometric virus particles	32	(10)
Enveloped (membrane-bound) virus particles	42	(3)
Virus particles with head-tail morphology	45	(2)
Frequency of occurrence of different virus particle morphologies	47	(1)
Principles of disassembly: virus particles are metastable	47	(2)
Key points	47	(1)
Further reading	48	(1)
Classification of viruses	49	(10)
Classification on the basis of disease	49	(1)
Classification on the basis of host organism	50	(1)
Classification on the basis of virus particle morphology	51	(1)
Classification on the basis of viral nucleic acids	52	(2)
Classification on the basis of taxonomy	54	(1)
Satellites, viroids, and prions	55	(4)
Key points	58	(1)
Further reading	58	(1)
Part II: Virus growth in cells	59	(132)
The process of infection: I. Attachment of viruses and the entry of their genomes into the target cell	61	(18)
Infection of animal cells -- attachment to the cell	62	(3)
Infection of animal cells -- entry into the cell	65	(5)
Infection of plants	70	(1)
Infection of bacteria	71	(4)
Prevention of the early stages of infection	75	(4)
Key points	77	(1)
Questions	77	(1)
Further reading	78	(1)
The process of infection: IIA. The replication of viral DNA	79	(18)
The universal mechanism of DNA synthesis	80	(3)
Replication of circular double-stranded DNA genomes	83	(3)
Replication of linear double-stranded DNA genomes that can form circles	86	(3)
Replication of linear double-stranded DNA genomes that do not circularize	89	(3)
Replication of circular single-stranded DNA genomes	92	(1)
Replication of linear single-stranded DNA genomes	93	(2)
Dependency versus autonomy among DNA viruses	95	(2)
Key points	96	(1)
Questions	96	(1)
Further reading	96	(1)
The process of infection: IIB. Genome replication in RNA viruses	97	(16)
Nature and diversity of RNA virus genomes	98	(1)
Regulatory elements for RNA virus genome synthesis	99	(3)
Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore class 3 viruses	102	(2)
Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore class 4 viruses	104	(3)
Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore class 5 viruses	107	(3)
Synthesis of the RNA genome of viroids and hepatitis delta virus	110	(3)
Key points	111	(1)
Questions	111	(1)
Further reading	112	(1)
The process of infection: IIC. The replication of RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate and vice versa	113	(15)
The retrovirus replication cycle	114	(1)
Discovery of reverse transcription	115	(1)
Retroviral reverse transcriptase	116	(1)
Mechanism of retroviral reverse transcription	117	(3)
Integration of retroviral DNA into cell DNA	120	(2)
Production of retrovirus progeny genomes	122	(1)
Spumaviruses: retrovirus with unusual features	122	(1)
The hepadnavirus replication cycle	123	(1)
Mechanism of hepadnavirus reverse transcription	123	(3)
Comparing reverse transcribing viruses	126	(2)
Key points	127	(1)
Questions	127	(1)
Further reading	127	(1)
The process of infection: IIIA. Gene expression in DNA viruses and reverse-transcribing viruses	128	(21)
The DNA viruses and retroviruses: Baltimore classes 1, 2, 6, and 7	129	(1)
Polyomaviruses	130	(2)
Papillomaviruses	132	(4)
Adenoviruses	136	(3)
Herpesviruses	139	(2)
Poxviruses	141	(1)
Parvoviruses	142	(1)
Retroviruses	143	(3)
Hepadnaviruses	146	(1)
DNA bacteriophages	147	(2)
Key points	147	(1)
Questions	148	(1)
Further reading	148	(1)
The process of infection: IIIB. Gene expression and its regulation in RNA viruses	149	(23)
The RNA viruses: Baltimore classes 3, 4, and 5	150	(1)
Reoviruses	151	(6)
Picornaviruses	157	(1)
Alphaviruses	158	(2)
Coronaviruses	160	(2)
Negative sense RNA viruses with segmented genomes	162	(1)
Orthomyxoviruses	163	(4)
Arenaviruses	167	(1)
Negative sense RNA viruses with nonsegmented, single-stranded genomes: rhabdoviruses and paramyxoviruses	167	(5)
Key points	171	(1)
Questions	171	(1)
Further reading	171	(1)
The process of infection: IV. The assembly of viruses	172	(19)
Self-assembly from mature virion components	173	(1)
Assembly of viruses with a helical structure	174	(3)
Assembly of viruses with an isometric structure	177	(3)
Assembly of complex viruses	180	(1)
Sequence-dependent and -independent packaging of virus DNA in virus particles	181	(2)
The assembly of enveloped viruses	183	(4)
Maturation of virus particles	187	(4)
Key points	189	(1)
Questions	189	(1)
Further reading	189	(2)
Part III: Virus interactions with the whole organism	191	(100)
The immune system and virus neutralization	193	(21)
Viruses and the immune system -- an overview	195	(2)
Innate immunity	197	(3)
Adaptive immunity	200	(9)
Understanding virus neutralization by antibody	209	(3)
Age and immunity	212	(2)
Key points	212	(1)
Questions	213	(1)
Further reading	213	(1)
Interactions between animal viruses and cells	214	(12)
Acutely cytopathogenic infections	214	(2)
Persistent infections	216	(3)
Latent infections	219	(2)
Transforming infections	221	(1)
Abortive infections	222	(1)
Null infections	223	(1)
How do animal viruses kill cells?	223	(3)
Key points	224	(1)
Questions	225	(1)
Further reading	225	(1)
Animal virus-host interactions	226	(17)
Cause and effect: Koch's postulates	226	(1)
A classification of virus-host interactions	227	(3)
Acute infections	230	(4)
Subclinical infections	234	(1)
Persistent and chronic infections	234	(3)
Latent infections	237	(1)
Slowly progressive diseases	238	(2)
Virus-induced tumors	240	(3)
Key points	242	(1)
Questions	242	(1)
Further reading	242	(1)
Mechanisms in virus latency	243	(17)
The latent interaction of virus and host	244	(1)
Gene expression in the lytic cycle of bacteriophage λ	245	(2)
Establishment and maintenance bacteriophage λ lysogeny	247	(2)
Induction and excision of the bacteriophage λ lysogen DNA	249	(2)
Immunity to superinfection	251	(1)
The benefits of lysogeny	251	(1)
Herpes simplex virus latency	252	(3)
Epstein-Barr virus latency	255	(1)
Latency in other herpesviruses	256	(2)
HIV-1 latency	258	(2)
Key points	259	(1)
Questions	259	(1)
Further reading	259	(1)
Transmission of viruses	260	(11)
Horizontal transmission	261	(6)
Vertical transmission	267	(1)
Zoonoses	268	(3)
Key points	269	(1)
Questions	270	(1)
Further reading	270	(1)
The evolution of viruses	271	(20)
The potential for rapid evolution in RNA viruses: quasispecies and rapid evolution	272	(1)
Rapid evolution: recombination	273	(1)
Evolution of measles virus	274	(1)
Evolution of myxoma virus	275	(2)
Evolution of influenza virus	277	(14)
Key points	288	(1)
Questions	289	(1)
Further reading	289	(2)
Part IV: Viruses and disease	291	(153)
Human viral disease: an overview	293	(17)
A brief survey of human viral pathogens	295	(1)
Factors affecting the relative incidence of viral disease	295	(3)
Factors determining the nature and severity of viral disease	298	(2)
Common signs and symptoms of viral infection	300	(1)
Acute viral infection 1: gastrointestinal infections	301	(2)
Acute viral infection 2: respiratory infections	303	(2)
Acute viral infection 3: infections of the liver	305	(1)
Acute viral infection 4: systemic spread	306	(2)
Acute viral disease: conclusions	308	(2)
Key points	308	(1)
Questions	309	(1)
Further reading	309	(1)
HIV and AIDS	310	(31)
The biology of HIV infection	311	(4)
Molecular biology of HIV-1	315	(5)
HIV transmission	320	(1)
Course of HIV infection and disease	321	(2)
Death and AIDS	323	(1)
Immunological abnormalities	324	(1)
Why is the incubation period of AIDS so long?	325	(2)
Prevention and control of HIV infection	327	(10)
The cost of the HIV pandemic	337	(1)
Unresolved issues	338	(3)
Key points	338	(1)
Questions	339	(1)
Further reading	339	(2)
Carcinogenesis and tumor viruses	341	(23)
Immortalization, transformation, and tumorigenesis	343	(2)
Oncogenic viruses	345	(2)
Polyomaviruses, papillomaviruses, and adenoviruses: the small DNA tumor viruses as experimental models	347	(5)
Papillomaviruses, SV40, and human cancer	352	(2)
Herpesvirus involvement in human cancers	354	(2)
Retroviruses as experimental model tumor viruses	356	(2)
Retroviruses and naturally occurring tumors	358	(1)
Hepatitis viruses and liver cancer	359	(1)
Prospects for the control of virus-associated cancers	360	(4)
Key points	362	(1)
Questions	362	(1)
Further reading	362	(2)
Vaccines and antivirals: the prevention and treatment of virus diseases	364	(37)
Principal requirements of a vaccine	365	(5)
Advantages, disadvantages, and difficulties associated with live and killed vaccines	370	(5)
Peptide vaccines	375	(2)
Genetically engineered vaccines	377	(4)
Infectious disease worldwide	381	(1)
Elimination of virus diseases by vaccination	381	(7)
Clinical complications with vaccines and immunotherapy	388	(2)
Prophylaxis and therapy with antiviral drugs	390	(11)
Key points	399	(1)
Questions	399	(1)
Further reading	400	(1)
Prion diseases	401	(15)
The spectrum of prion diseases	401	(2)
The prion hypothesis	403	(2)
The etiology of prion diseases	405	(2)
Prion disease pathogenesis	407	(2)
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)	409	(2)
BSE and the emergence of variant CJD	411	(2)
Unresolved issues	413	(3)
Key points	414	(1)
Questions	414	(1)
Further reading	415	(1)
Horizons in human virology	416	(28)
Technical advances	417	(5)
Recombinant viruses as gene therapy vectors	422	(6)
Subtle and insidious virus-host interactions	428	(5)
Emerging virus infections	433	(8)
Virology and society: for good or ill	441	(3)
Key points	442	(1)
Questions	442	(1)
Further reading	442	(2)
Appendixes: Survey of virus properties	444	(36)
Viruses that multiply in vertebrate and invertebrate animals	445	(15)
Viruses that multiply in plants	460	(9)
Viruses that multiply in algae, fungi, and protozoa	469	(3)
Viruses (phages) that multiply in Archaea, bacteria, Mycoplasma, and Spiroplasma	472	(4)
Satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids of viruses of animals, plants, and bacteria	476	(2)
Viroids (genome unclassified as they synthesize no mRNA)	478	(1)
Further reading	479	(1)
Index	480