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Preface | p. xiii |
Light | p. 1 |
The Nature of Light | p. 1 |
Electromagnetic Radiation | p. 1 |
Phase | p. 3 |
The Perception of Color | p. 5 |
Interaction of Light and Matter | p. 5 |
Transmitted Light | p. 5 |
Velocity | p. 5 |
Index of Refraction | p. 6 |
Reflection | p. 7 |
Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection | p. 8 |
Optical Class | p. 8 |
Optical Indicatrix | p. 9 |
Dispersion | p. 9 |
Light Absorption and Color | p. 11 |
Polarized Light | p. 12 |
Polarization by Double Refraction | p. 13 |
Polarization by Reflection | p. 14 |
Polarization by Scattering | p. 15 |
The Petrographic Microscope | p. 16 |
Direction Conventions | p. 16 |
Samples | p. 16 |
Illuminator | p. 18 |
Substage Assembly | p. 18 |
Microscope Stage | p. 19 |
Objective Lenses | p. 19 |
Epi-Illuminator | p. 20 |
Upper Polarizer | p. 21 |
Bertrand Lens | p. 21 |
Ocular | p. 21 |
Focusing Mechanism | p. 22 |
Accessories | p. 22 |
Additional Equipment | p. 22 |
General Care of the Microscope | p. 23 |
Adjustment of the Microscope | p. 24 |
Adjusting the Oculars | p. 24 |
Focusing | p. 24 |
Adjusting the Illuminator | p. 24 |
Centering the Objectives | p. 24 |
Adjusting the Substage | p. 25 |
Alignment of Polarizers | p. 25 |
General Considerations | p. 26 |
Refractometry | p. 27 |
Relief | p. 28 |
Becke Line Method | p. 28 |
Dispersion Effects | p. 30 |
Oblique Illumination Method | p. 32 |
Practical Considerations | p. 34 |
Accuracy of the Immersion Method | p. 34 |
Determining Indices of Refraction in Thin Section | p. 35 |
Optics of Isotropic Materials | p. 36 |
Isotropic Indicatrix | p. 36 |
Distinguishing Between Isotropic and Anisotropic Minerals | p. 37 |
Identification of Isotropic Minerals | p. 38 |
Grain Mount | p. 38 |
Thin Section | p. 38 |
Optics of Anisotropic Minerals: Introduction | p. 40 |
Interference Phenomena | p. 41 |
Monochromatic Illumination | p. 41 |
Retardation | p. 41 |
Birefringence | p. 42 |
Interference of the Two Rays | p. 42 |
Polychromatic Illumination | p. 45 |
Orders of Interference Colors | p. 46 |
Anomalous Interference Colors | p. 46 |
Determining Thickness of a Sample | p. 47 |
Thin Section | p. 47 |
Grain Mount | p. 47 |
Determining Birefringence from the Color Chart | p. 48 |
Thin Section | p. 48 |
Grain Mount | p. 49 |
Recognizing the Different Orders of Interference Colors | p. 49 |
Extinction | p. 49 |
Categories of Extinction | p. 50 |
Use of the Accessory Plates | p. 51 |
Sign of Elongation | p. 54 |
Relief | p. 54 |
Pleochroism | p. 55 |
Uniaxial Optics | p. 56 |
Optic Sign | p. 57 |
Crystallographic Considerations | p. 57 |
Uniaxial Indicatrix | p. 58 |
Use of the Indicatrix | p. 59 |
Birefringence and Interference Colors | p. 61 |
Extinctión | p. 63 |
Tetragonal Minerals | p. 64 |
Hexagonal Minerals | p. 67 |
Rhombohedral Cleavage | p. 67 |
Prismatic and Pinacoidal Cleavage | p. 68 |
Pleochroism | p. 68 |
Interference Figure | p. 69 |
Optic Axis Interference Figure | p. 69 |
Formation of Isochromes | p. 69 |
Formation of Isogyres | p. 70 |
Determining Optic Sign | p. 71 |
Off-Center Optic Axis Figure | p. 72 |
Flash Figure | p. 73 |
Selecting Grains to Give Interference Figures | p. 76 |
Optic Axis Figure | p. 76 |
Flash Figure | p. 76 |
Determining Indices of Refraction | p. 76 |
Grain Mount | p. 76 |
Determining n¿ | p. 76 |
Determining n€ | p. 77 |
Thin Section | p. 78 |
Spindle Stage | p. 78 |
Biaxial Optics | p. 80 |
Biaxial Indicatrix | p. 80 |
Mathematical Relationships | p. 82 |
Use of the Indicatrix | p. 83 |
Normal Incidence Parallel to an Indicatrix Axis | p. 85 |
Normal Incidence Parallel to an Optic Axis | p. 85 |
Normal Incidence In a Random Direction | p. 86 |
Inclined Incidence | p. 86 |
Crystallographic Orientation of Indicatrix Axes | p. 88 |
Orthorhombic Minterals | p. 88 |
Monoclininc Minerals | p. 88 |
Triclinic Minerals | p. 88 |
Biaxial Interference Figure | p. 88 |
Acute Bisectrix Figure | p. 88 |
Formation of Isochromes | p. 90 |
Vibration Directions and Formation of Isogyres | p. 90 |
Centered Optic Axis Figure | p. 92 |
Obtuse Bisectrix Figure | p. 94 |
Optic Normal Figure | p. 94 |
Off-Center Figures | p. 95 |
Selecting Grains to Produce Interference Figures | p. 97 |
Determining Optic Sign | p. 98 |
Acute Bisectrix Figure | p. 98 |
Obtuse Bisectrix Figure | p. 99 |
Optic Axis Figure | p. 100 |
Flash Figures | p. 100 |
Determining 2V | p. 100 |
2V Versus 2E | p. 100 |
Mallard's Method | p. 101 |
Tobi's Method | p. 101 |
Kamb's Method | p. 102 |
Wright Method | p. 104 |
Pleochroism | p. 106 |
Extinction | p. 106 |
Orthorhombic Minerals | p. 106 |
Monoclinic Minerals | p. 107 |
Triclinic Minerals | p. 109 |
Sign of Elongation | p. 109 |
Indices of Refraction | p. 110 |
Grain Mount | p. 110 |
Spindle Stage | p. 110 |
Dispersion in Biaxial Minerals | p. 112 |
Orthorhombic Minerals | p. 112 |
Monoclinic Minerals | p. 113 |
Triclinic Minerals | p. 114 |
Reflected Light Optics | p. 115 |
Physical Properties Observed with Polished Sections | p. 115 |
Crystal Form and Habit | p. 115 |
Hardness | p. 116 |
Observation in Plane Polarized Light | p. 119 |
Reflectance | p. 119 |
Bireflectance | p. 120 |
Measurement of Reflectance and Bireflectance | p. 122 |
Color and Pleochroism | p. 122 |
Isotropic Minerals | p. 122 |
Anisotropic Minerals | p. 122 |
Observations with Crossed Polarizers | p. 123 |
Polarization Colors | p. 123 |
Isotropic Minerals | p. 123 |
Anisotropic Minerals | p. 123 |
Internal Reflection | p. 125 |
Observations Related to Conoscopic Illumination | p. 125 |
Practical Considerations | p. 125 |
Identification of Minerals | p. 127 |
Descriptive Features | p. 127 |
Cleavage | p. 128 |
Twinning | p. 128 |
Alteration | p. 128 |
Association | p. 128 |
Tactics for Mineral Identification | p. 128 |
Thin Section Identification | p. 128 |
Grain Mount Identification | p. 129 |
Polished Section Identification | p. 130 |
Use of the Identification Tables | p. 130 |
Nonminerals | p. 131 |
Problems in Paradise | p. 132 |
Inconsistencies in Crystallographic Settings | p. 132 |
Poor Data | p. 132 |
Framework Silicates | p. 134 |
Silica Group | p. 134 |
Quartz | p. 134 |
Chalcedony | p. 135 |
Tridymite | p. 137 |
Cristobalite | p. 138 |
Opal | p. 138 |
Volcanic Glass | p. 139 |
Feldspars | p. 140 |
Plagioclase | p. 141 |
Thin Section | p. 144 |
Grain Mount | p. 148 |
Alkali Feldspars | p. 150 |
Sanidine | p. 154 |
Orthodase | p. 155 |
Microdine | p. 156 |
Adularia | p. 156 |
Anorthoclase | p. 157 |
Feldspathoids | p. 157 |
Nepheline | p. 157 |
Sodalite Group | p. 159 |
Leucite | p. 159 |
Cancrinite-Vishnevite | p. 160 |
Zeolites | p. 161 |
Analcime (Analcite) | p. 162 |
Natrolite | p. 164 |
Thomsonite | p. 165 |
Stilbite | p. 166 |
Chabazite | p. 166 |
Heulandite | p. 167 |
Laumontite | p. 168 |
Other Framework Silicates | p. 169 |
Scapolite | p. 169 |
Sheet Silicates | p. 171 |
TO Layer Silicates | p. 173 |
Kaolinite | p. 173 |
Serpentine | p. 173 |
TOT Layer Silicates | p. 174 |
Pyrophyllite | p. 174 |
Talc | p. 175 |
TOT + Interlayer Cation Layer Silicates | p. 176 |
Muscovite | p. 176 |
Biotite | p. 178 |
Lepidolite | p. 180 |
Glauconite | p. 181 |
Margarite | p. 182 |
Clintonite | p. 182 |
TOT + O Layer Silicates | p. 183 |
Chlorite | p. 183 |
Clay Minerals | p. 185 |
Other Sheet Silicates | p. 187 |
Stilpnomelane | p. 187 |
Prehnite | p. 188 |
Apophyllite | p. 189 |
Chain Silicates | p. 191 |
Pyroxenes | p. 191 |
Enstatite-Ferrosilite (Orthopyroxene) | p. 194 |
Pigeonite | p. 197 |
Calcic Clinopyroxene (Augite) | p. 199 |
Aegirine, Aegirine-Augite | p. 201 |
Omphacite | p. 203 |
Jadeite | p. 204 |
Spodumene | p. 205 |
Amphiboles | p. 206 |
Anthophyllite | p. 209 |
Gedrite | p. 211 |
Cummingtonite-Grunerite | p. 212 |
Tremolite-Actinolite-Ferro-actinolite | p. 214 |
Hornblende | p. 215 |
"Oxyhornblende" | p. 217 |
Kaersutite | p. 218 |
Richterite | p. 219 |
Arfvedsonite and Eckermannite | p. 220 |
Glaucophane-Riebedtite Series | p. 222 |
Pyroxenoids | p. 224 |
Wollastonite | p. 224 |
Rhodonite | p. 225 |
Pectolite | p. 226 |
Other Chain Silicates | p. 227 |
Sapphirine | p. 227 |
Disilicates and Ring Silicates | p. 230 |
Disilicates | p. 230 |
Lawsonite | p. 230 |
Pumpellyite | p. 231 |
Melilite | p. 233 |
Vesuvianite (Idocrase) | p. 234 |
Epidote Group | p. 234 |
Zoisite | p. 235 |
Clinozoisite-Epidote | p. 236 |
Piemontite | p. 239 |
Allanite | p. 240 |
Ring Silicates | p. 241 |
Tourmaline | p. 241 |
Axinite | p. 243 |
Beryl | p. 244 |
Cordierite | p. 245 |
Orthosilicates | p. 248 |
Olivine | p. 248 |
Monticellite | p. 250 |
Hurnite Group | p. 251 |
Garnet Group | p. 253 |
Andalusite | p. 255 |
Sillimanite | p. 257 |
Kyanite | p. 259 |
Staurolite | p. 260 |
Chloritoid | p. 262 |
Titanite (Sphene) | p. 263 |
Topaz | p. 264 |
Zircon | p. 266 |
Dumortierite | p. 267 |
Carbonates, Borates, Sulfates, and Phosphates | p. 269 |
Carbonates | p. 269 |
Calrite | p. 271 |
Magnesite | p. 272 |
Siderite | p. 273 |
Rhodochrosite | p. 274 |
Dolomite-Ankerite | p. 275 |
Aragonite | p. 277 |
Strontianite | p. 278 |
Witherite | p. 279 |
Malachite | p. 280 |
Azurite | p. 280 |
Borates | p. 281 |
Borax | p. 281 |
Colemanite | p. 282 |
Sulfates | p. 284 |
Barite | p. 284 |
Celestine (Celestite) | p. 285 |
Gypsum | p. 286 |
Anhydrite | p. 287 |
Alunite | p. 288 |
Phosphates | p. 289 |
Apatite | p. 289 |
Monazite | p. 292 |
Xenotime | p. 293 |
Native Elements, Sulfides, Halides, Oxides, and Hydroxides | p. 295 |
Native Elements | p. 295 |
Sulfur | p. 295 |
Graphite | p. 296 |
Gold | p. 296 |
Silver | p. 297 |
Copper | p. 297 |
Sulfides and Related Minerals | p. 298 |
Pyrite | p. 303 |
Marcasite | p. 305 |
Sphalerite | p. 305 |
Galena | p. 306 |
Pyrrhotite | p. 307 |
Chakopyrite | p. 307 |
Halides | p. 308 |
Halite | p. 308 |
Sylvite | p. 309 |
Fluorite | p. 309 |
Oxides | p. 310 |
Periclase | p. 310 |
Cuprite | p. 310 |
Rutile | p. 311 |
Anatase | p. 312 |
Cassiterite | p. 313 |
Corundum | p. 314 |
Hematite | p. 315 |
Ilmenite | p. 316 |
Perovskite | p. 317 |
The Spinel Group | p. 318 |
Spinel Series | p. 318 |
Magnetite | p. 319 |
Chromite | p. 320 |
Chrysoberyl | p. 321 |
Hydroxides | p. 321 |
Brucite | p. 321 |
Gibbsite | p. 322 |
Diaspore | p. 323 |
Böhmite (Boehmite) | p. 324 |
Goethite | p. 325 |
Lepidocrocite | p. 326 |
Limonite | p. 327 |
Sample Preparation | p. 329 |
Grain Mount | p. 329 |
Thin Section | p. 329 |
Spindle Stage | p. 330 |
Polished Section | p. 331 |
Identification Tables | p. 333 |
Mineral Associations | p. 349 |
Mineral Index | p. 353 |
Subject Index | p. 357 |
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