Introduction to Optics

by Pedrotti, Frank L; Pedrotti, Leno M; Pedrotti, Leno S

• ISBN13: 9780131499331
• ISBN10: 0131499335
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-04-07
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Comprehensive and fully updated, this reader-friendly introduction to optics provides clear, concise derivations and explanations of optical phenomena, avoiding extraneous material. Updates material related to laser systems. Updated chapters on Optical Interferometery, Fiber Optics, and Holography. Introduces a broad range of new applications throughout, including liquid crystal displays, CCD's, CD and DVD Technology. Features a more intensive exploration of communication systems than in previous editions. Provides approximately 50 new problems and 50 new or revised figures. A general reference for optical industry practitioners.

Table of Contents

Physical Constants	xii
Preface	xiii
Part I
Nature of Light	1	(15)
Introduction	1	(1)
A Brief History	2	(2)
Particles and Photons	4	(2)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	6	(5)
Radiometry	11	(5)
Problems	15	(1)
Geometrical Optics	16	(34)
Introduction	16	(1)
Huygens' Principle	17	(3)
Fermat's Principle	20	(2)
Principle of Reversibility	22	(1)
Reflection in Plane Mirrors	22	(1)
Refraction Through Plane Surfaces	23	(2)
Imaging by an Optical System	25	(2)
Reflection at a Spherical Surface	27	(5)
Refraction at a Spherical Surface	32	(3)
Thin Lenses	35	(4)
Vergence and Refractive Power	39	(3)
Newtonian Equation for the Thin Lens	42	(1)
Cylindrical Lenses	42	(8)
Problems	46	(4)
Optical Instrumentation	50	(44)
Introduction	50	(1)
Stops, Pupils, and Windows	50	(8)
A Brief Look at Aberrations	58	(2)
Prisms	60	(9)
The Camera	69	(6)
Simple Magnifiers and Eyepieces	75	(4)
Microscopes	79	(3)
Telescopes	82	(12)
Problems	89	(5)
Wave Equations	94	(19)
Introduction	94	(1)
One-Dimensional Wave Equation	94	(2)
Harmonic Waves	96	(3)
Complex Numbers	99	(1)
Harmonic Waves as Complex Functions	100	(1)
Plane Waves	100	(2)
Spherical Waves	102	(1)
Other Harmonic Waveforms	103	(1)
Electromagnetic Waves	104	(4)
Light Polarization	108	(2)
Doppler Effect	110	(3)
Problems	111	(2)
Superposition of Waves	113	(18)
Introduction	113	(1)
Superposition Principle	113	(1)
Superposition of Waves of the Same Frequency	114	(5)
Random and Coherent Sources	119	(1)
Standing Waves	120	(3)
The Beat Phenomenon	123	(2)
Phase and Group Velocities	125	(6)
Problems	129	(2)
Properties of Lasers	131	(32)
Introduction	131	(1)
Energy Quantization in Light and Matter	132	(3)
Thermal Equilibrium and Blackbody Radiation	135	(3)
Nonlaser Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation	138	(5)
Einstein's Theory of Light-Matter Interaction	143	(3)
Essential Elements of a Laser	146	(3)
Simplified Description of Laser Operation	149	(4)
Characteristics of Laser Light	153	(5)
Laser Types and Parameters	158	(5)
Problems	161	(2)
Interference of Light	163	(29)
Introduction	163	(1)
Two-Beam Interference	163	(6)
Young's Double-Slit Experiment	169	(4)
Double-Slit Interference with Virtual Sources	173	(2)
Interference in Dielectric Films	175	(5)
Fringes of Equal Thickness	180	(1)
Newton's Rings	181	(1)
Film-Thickness Measurement by Interference	182	(2)
Stokes Relations	184	(1)
Multiple-Beam Interference in a Parallel Plate	185	(7)
Problems	189	(3)
Optical Interferometry	192	(32)
Introduction	192	(1)
The Michelson Interferometer	193	(3)
Applications of the Michelson Interferometer	196	(2)
Variations of the Michelson Interferometer	198	(1)
The Fabry-Perot Interferometer	199	(2)
Fabry-Perot Transmission: The Airy Function	201	(5)
Scanning Fabry-Perot Interferometer	206	(5)
Variable-Input-Frequency Fabry-Perot Interferometers	211	(2)
Lasers and the Fabry-Perot Cavity	213	(3)
Fabry-Perot Figures of Merit	216	(1)
Gravitational Wave Detectors	217	(7)
Problems	220	(4)
Coherence	224	(19)
Introduction	224	(1)
Fourier Analysis	224	(4)
Fourier Analysis of a Finite Harmonic Wave Train	228	(2)
Temporal Coherence and Line Width	230	(1)
Partial Coherence	231	(6)
Spatial Coherence	237	(1)
Spatial Coherence Width	238	(5)
Problems	241	(2)
Fiber Optics	243	(24)
Introduction	243	(1)
Applications	243	(1)
Communications System Overview	244	(2)
Bandwidth and Data Rate	246	(1)
Optics of Propagation	246	(3)
Allowed Modes	249	(2)
Attenuation	251	(2)
Distortion	253	(7)
High-Bit-Rate Optical-Fiber Communications	260	(7)
Problems	264	(3)
Fraunhofer Diffraction	267	(25)
Introduction	267	(1)
Diffraction from a Single Slit	268	(5)
Beam Spreading	273	(1)
Rectangular and Circular Apertures	274	(5)
Resolution	279	(2)
Double-Slit Diffraction	281	(3)
Diffraction from Many Slits	284	(8)
Problems	289	(3)
The Diffraction Grating	292	(16)
Introduction	292	(1)
The Grating Equation	292	(1)
Free Spectral Range of a Grating	293	(2)
Dispersion of a Grating	295	(1)
Resolution of a Grating	296	(2)
Types of Gratings	298	(1)
Blazed Gratings	299	(2)
Grating Replicas	301	(1)
Interference Gratings	302	(1)
Grating Instruments	303	(5)
Problems	305	(3)
Fresnel Diffraction	308	(25)
Introduction	308	(1)
Fresnel-Kirchhoff Diffraction Integral	308	(3)
Criterion for Fresnel Diffraction	311	(1)
The Obliquity Factor	312	(1)
Fresnel Diffraction from Circular Apertures	312	(4)
Phase Shift of the Diffracted Light	316	(1)
The Fresnel Zone Plate	316	(2)
Fresnel Diffraction from Apertures with Rectangular Symmetry	318	(2)
The Cornu Spiral	320	(4)
Applications of the Cornu Spiral	324	(6)
Babinet's Principle	330	(3)
Problems	331	(2)
Matrix Treatment of Polarization	333	(17)
Introduction	333	(1)
Mathematical Representation of Polarized Light: Jones Vectors	334	(7)
Mathematical Representation of Polarizers: Jones Matrices	341	(9)
Problems	347	(3)
Production of Polarized Light	350	(22)
Introduction	350	(1)
Dichroism: Polarization by Selective Absorption	350	(3)
Polarization by Reflection from Dielectric Surfaces	353	(2)
Polarization by Scattering	355	(2)
Birefringence: Polarization with Two Refractive Indices	357	(4)
Double Refraction	361	(2)
Optical Activity	363	(4)
Photoelasticity	367	(5)
Problems	369	(3)
Part II
Holography	372	(14)
Introduction	372	(1)
Conventional Versus Holographic Photography	372	(1)
Hologram of a Point Source	373	(2)
Hologram of an Extended Object	375	(4)
Hologram Properties	379	(1)
White-Light (Rainbow) Holograms	379	(2)
Other Applications of Holography	381	(5)
Problems	384	(2)
Optical Detectors and Displays	386	(10)
Introduction	386	(1)
Thermal Detectors of Radiation	386	(1)
Quantum Detectors of Radiation	387	(2)
Image Detection	389	(1)
Optical Detectors: Noise and Sensitivity	390	(1)
Optical Displays	391	(5)
Problems	394	(2)
Matrix Methods in Paraxial Optics	396	(23)
Introduction	396	(1)
The Thick Lens	396	(3)
The Matrix Method	399	(1)
The Translation Matrix	400	(1)
The Refraction Matrix	400	(1)
The Reflection Matrix	401	(1)
Thick-Lens and Thin-Lens Matrices	402	(2)
System Ray-Transfer Matrix	404	(2)
Significance of System Matrix Elements	406	(2)
Location of Cardinal Points for an Optical System	408	(2)
Examples Using the System Matrix and Cardinal Points	410	(2)
Ray Tracing	412	(7)
Problems	416	(3)
Optics of the Eye	419	(19)
Introduction	419	(1)
Biological Structure of the Eye	419	(2)
Photometry	421	(3)
Optical Representation of the Eye	424	(1)
Functions of the Eye	425	(3)
Vision Correction with External Lenses	428	(6)
Surgical Vision Correction	434	(4)
Problems	436	(2)
Aberration Theory	438	(20)
Introduction	438	(1)
Ray and Wave Aberrations	439	(1)
Third-Order Treatment of Refraction at a Spherical Interface	440	(4)
Spherical Aberration	444	(3)
Coma	447	(2)
Astigmatism and Curvature of Field	449	(2)
Distortion	451	(1)
Chromatic Aberration	451	(7)
Problems	456	(2)
Fourier Optics	458	(18)
Introduction	458	(1)
Optical Data Imaging and Processing	459	(12)
Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy	471	(5)
Problems	474	(2)
Theory of Multilayer Films	476	(15)
Introduction	476	(1)
Transfer Matrix	477	(4)
Reflectance at Normal Incidence	481	(2)
Two-Layer Antireflecting Films	483	(3)
Three-Layer Antireflecting Films	486	(1)
High-Reflectance Layers	486	(5)
Problems	489	(2)
Fresnel Equations	491	(19)
Introduction	491	(1)
The Fresnel Equations	491	(6)
External and Internal Reflections	497	(2)
Phase Changes on Reflection	499	(3)
Conservation of Energy	502	(2)
Evanescent Waves	504	(2)
Complex Refractive Index	506	(1)
Reflection from Metals	507	(3)
Problems	508	(2)
Nonlinear Optics and the Modulation of Light	510	(25)
Introduction	510	(1)
The Nonlinear Medium	511	(2)
Second Harmonic Generation and Frequency Mixing	513	(4)
Electro-optic Effects	517	(7)
The Faraday Effect	524	(2)
The Acousto-optic Effect	526	(3)
Optical Phase Conjugation	529	(2)
Optical Nonlinearities in Fibers	531	(4)
Problems	533	(2)
Optical Properties of Materials	535	(14)
Introduction	535	(1)
Polarization of a Dielectric Medium	535	(4)
Propagation of Light Waves in a Dielectric	539	(5)
Conduction Current in a Metal	544	(1)
Propagation of Light Waves in a Metal	544	(1)
Skin Depth	545	(1)
Plasma Frequency	546	(3)
Problems	548	(1)
Laser Operation	549	(33)
Introduction	549	(1)
Rate Equations	549	(4)
Absorption	553	(4)
Gain Media	557	(4)
Steady-State Laser Output	561	(3)
Homogeneous Broadening	564	(3)
Inhomogeneous Broadening	567	(2)
Time-Dependent Phenomena	569	(2)
Pulsed Operation	571	(4)
Some Important Laser Systems	575	(2)
Diode Lasers	577	(5)
Problems	579	(3)
Characteristics of Laser Beams	582	(25)
Introduction	582	(1)
Three-Dimensional Wave Equation and Electromagnetic Waves	582	(1)
Gaussian Beams	583	(3)
Spot Size and Radius of Curvature of a Gaussian Beam	586	(1)
Characteristics of Gaussian Beams	587	(4)
Modes of Spherical Mirror Cavities	591	(2)
Laser Propagation Through Arbitrary Optical Systems	593	(7)
Higher-Order Gaussian Beams	600	(7)
Problems	605	(2)
Selected Modern Applications	607
Introduction	607	(1)
Overview of Laser Applications	607	(1)
Lasers in Medicine	608	(4)
Remote Sensing	612	(1)
Ultrashort Pulse Production and Applications	613	(2)
Laser Cooling and Trapping	615	(2)
Optical Parametric Oscillators	617	(3)
Near-Field Microscopy	620
Problems	621
References	1	(1)
Answers to Selected Problems	1	(1)
Index	1