Introduction To Optics

by CHARTIER, GERMAIN

• ISBN13: 9780387403465
• ISBN10: 0387403469
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780387275987
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-05-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Choice Outstanding Title! (January 2006) Since the discovery of the lasers in 1960 and optical fibers in 1970, optics underwent deep changes which accentuated its multi-field character. This work covers essential concepts of comprehension and reports the great progress of current knowledge in optics. The method of presentation is inspired by Richard Feynman, with an emphasis on "telling" optics, rather than deducing it from fundamental laws. For its excellent teaching style, the book received the Arnulf-Francon Award by the French Optical Society. The concepts are formulated in a way such that the necessary mathematical tools do not hinder comprehension of the phenomena. Global in vision, the book can also be used as a reference. In addition to the traditional aspects of optics, it includes the tools and methods currently used by researchers and engineers as well as explanation and implications of the most recent developments.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
1 Orders of Magnitude in Optics	1	(56)
1.1 Main Applications of Electromagnetic Waves	1	(4)
1.2 Wave-Particle Duality	5	(1)
1.3 What Is a Wave?	6	(7)
1.4 Electric Dipole Radiation	13	(8)
1.5 Light Detectors	21	(12)
1.6 Interference, Diffraction	33	(8)
1.7 Photometry	41	(11)
1.8 Perception and Reproduction of Colors	52	(5)
2 Electromagnetic Waves	57	(34)
2.1 Mathematical Formulation of Electromagnetism	57	(4)
2.2 The Different Kinds of Waves	61	(4)
2.3 Solutions of Maxwell's Equations for Harmonic Planar Waves	65	(5)
2.4 Structure of an Electromagnetic Planar Wave	70	(3)
2.5 General Harmonic Waves	73	(4)
2.6 Spherical Waves	77	(14)
3 Geometrical Optics	91	(58)
3.1 Geometrical Propagation of Light	91	(3)
3.2 Fermat's Principle	94	(8)
3.3 Formation of Images	102	(3)
3.4 Thin Lenses	105	(7)
3.5 Centered Systems Under Gauss Conditions	112	(14)
Annex 3.A Thin Lenses	126	(5)
3.A.1 Lens Considered as a Prism Having a Variable Angle	126	(1)
3.A.2 Lens Considered as a Phase Correcting Device	127	(1)
3.A.3 Matrices for the Association of Thin Lenses	127	(4)
Annex 3.B Optical Prisms	131	(5)
3.B.1 Definition and Description of Optical Prisms	131	(1)
3.B.2 Light Propagation Inside a Prism	131	(3)
3.B.3 Reflecting Prisms	134	(2)
Annex 3.C Gradient Index Devices-Light Optics and Electron Optics	136	(13)
3.C.1 The Eikonal Equation	137	(1)
3.C.2 Differential Equation of Light Rays	138	(4)
3.C.3 Centered Optical System with a Nonconstant Index of Refraction	142	(4)
3.C.4 Optics of Charged Particle Beams	146	(3)
4 Polarized Light-Laws of Reflection	149	(30)
4.1 Light Vibration Is a Vector	149	(3)
4.2 Analyzers-Polarizers	152	(3)
4.3 Reflection-Refraction	155	(19)
Annex 4.A TE Modes-TM Modes	174	(2)
4.A.1 Scalar Nature of Two-Dimensional Electromagnetic Problems	174	(2)
Annex 4.B Determination of an Unknown Polarization	176	(3)
5 Birefringence	179	(80)
5.1 Double Refraction	179	(1)
5.2 Permittivity Tensor	180	(3)
5.3 Planar Waves Obeying Maxwell's Equations in an Anisotropic Material	183	(5)
5.4 Constructions of the Refracted Beams	188	(5)
5.5 Aspect of the Surfaces of the Indices and the Inverse of the Indices	193	(5)
5.6 Circular Birefringence	198	(5)
5.7 Induced Birefringence	203	(22)
Annex 5.A Ray Tracing in Uniaxial Media	225	(8)
5.A.1 Construction of the Refracted Beam on an Isotropic/Uniaxial Interface	225	(2)
5.A.2 Refraction of a Monochromatic Beam by a Birefringent Prism	227	(2)
5.A.3 Separation of Extraordinary Rays from Ordinary Rays by a Birefringent Plate	229	(1)
5.A.4 Realization of Polarizers	230	(2)
5.A.5 Birefringence and Dispersion	232	(1)
Annex 5.B Characteristic Surfaces in Anisotropic Media	233	(7)
5.B.1 Fresnel Formulas in Anisotropic Media	233	(1)
5.B.2 Surface of the Normals (or Surface of the Indices)	234	(1)
5.B.3 Wave Surface (or Surface of the Inverse of the Indices)	235	(2)
5.B.4 Index Ellipsoid	237	(3)
Annex 5.C Interference Using Polarized Light Beams. Wave Plates	240	(10)
5.C.1 Orthogonally Polarized Beams Are Unable to Interfere	240	(1)
5.C.2 Interference Using Polarized Monochromatic Light Beams	241	(1)
5.C.3 Wave Plates	242	(5)
5.C.4 Interference with Polarized White Beams	247	(3)
Annex 5.D Liquid Crystals	250	(9)
5.D.1 Introduction	250	(1)
5.D.2 Physical-Chemistry of Liquid Crystals	250	(2)
5.D.3 Orientation of Molecules in a Nematic Phase	252	(2)
5.D.4 Liquid Crystal Display	254	(3)
5.D.5 Light Valve	257	(2)
6 Interference	259	(40)
6.1 Wave Front Division Interferometers	259	(6)
6.2 Amplitude Splitting Interferometers	265	(9)
6.3 Dual-Beam Interference	274	(4)
6.4 The Fabry-Perot Interferometer	278	(11)
6.5 Interference Using Stacks of Thin Transparent Layers	289	(10)
7 Diffraction	299	(52)
7.1 The Huygens-Fresnel Postulate	299	(9)
7.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction	308	(10)
7.3 Fresnel Diffraction	318	(4)
7.4 Diffraction Gratings	322	(11)
7.5 Holography	333	(9)
7.6 Diffraction and Image Processing	342	(9)
8 Index of Refraction	351	(28)
8.1 Physical Mechanisms Involved with Propagation in a Transparent Material	352	(1)
8.2 Determination of the Index of Refraction	353	(6)
8.3 The Index of Refraction Is a Complex Number	359	(5)
8.4 Index of Refraction and Populations of the Energy Levels of a Transition	364	(2)
Annex 8.A Electric Dipolar Radiation	366	(9)
8.A.1 Definition of an Oscillating Dipole	366	(1)
8.A.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields Created by a Dipole	366	(3)
8.A.3 Power Radiated by an Oscillating Dipole	369	(4)
8.A.4 Field Radiated by a Planar Distribution of Oscillating Dipoles	373	(2)
Annex 8.B The Kramers-Krönig Formula	375	(4)
8.B.1 Demonstration of the Kramers-Krönig Formula	375	(2)
8.B.2 Normal Dispersion	377	(2)
9 Lasers	379	(70)
9.1 Laser, a Feedback Oscillator	379	(10)
9.2 Optical Amplification	389	(23)
9.3 How to Obtain an Inversion of Population	412	(5)
9.4 The Fabry-Perot Resonator	417	(9)
9.5 Spectral Characteristics of Light Emitted by a Laser	426	(6)
9.6 Laser Transient Effects	432	(7)
9.7 Originality of Laser Light	439	(2)
Annex 9.A Light-Semiconductor Interaction	441	(6)
9.A.1 Energy Levels in a Semiconductor	441	(2)
9.A.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Effects in a Semiconductor	443	(1)
9.A.3 The Bernard-Duraffourg Formula, Inversion of Population	444	(3)
Annex 9.B Spectral Width of a Laser Oscillation	447	(2)
10 Nonlinear Optics	449	(30)
10.1 Microscopic Interpretation of a Nonlinear Optical Interaction	451	(1)
10.2 Phase Matching Condition	452	(4)
10.3 Nonlinear Polarization	456	(4)
10.4 Equations of Propagation in a Nonlinear Material	460	(10)
10.5 Third-Order Nonlinear Phenomena	470	(9)
11 Raman-Brillouin-Rayleigh Diffusion	479	(38)
11.1 Raman, Brillouin, Rayleigh, and Mie Scattering	479	(2)
11.2 Experimental Introduction to the Raman Effect	481	(6)
11.3 Theoretical Analysis of the Raman Effect	487	(13)
11.4 Brillouin Diffusion	500	(12)
Annex 11.A Diffusion of Light by a Scattered Medium	512	(5)
12 Guided Optics	517	(50)
12.1 Introduction	518	(4)
12.2 Propagation in a Step Index Planar Guide	522	(14)
12.3 Optical Fibers	536	(7)
Annex 12.A Splitters and Couplers	543	(10)
12.A.1 The Y-Junction	543	(1)
12.A.2 Distributed Couplers	544	(2)
12.A.3 Coupled Mode Theory	546	(7)
Annex 12.B Attenuation of Silica Fibers	553	(2)
Annex 12.C Elaboration of Optical Guides	555	(12)
12.C.1 Optical Fibers	555	(5)
12.C.2 Integrated Optics	560	(7)
13 Fourier Analysis and Fourier Transform	567	(12)
13.1 Fourier Series	567	(1)
13.2 Fourier Integrals and Fourier Transform	568	(1)
13.3 Some Important Properties of the Fourier Transform	569	(2)
13.4 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform	571	(1)
13.5 Some Famous Fourier Transforms	571	(4)
13.6 Wave Packet	575	(4)
Rolex	579