Introduction to Philosophy Classical and Contemporary Readings

by Perry, John; Bratman, Michael

• ISBN13: 9780195112047
• ISBN10: 0195112040
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-10-15
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Introduction to Philosophy, 3/e is the most comprehensive topically organized collection of classical and contemporary philosophy available. Ideal for introductory philosophy courses, the third edition of this classic text now includes a general introduction and features eighteen selections new to this volume and an expanded glossary of philosophical terms. A serious and challenging work, it includes sections on the meaning of life, God and evil, epistemology, philosophy of science, the mind/body problem, freedom of will, consciousness, ethics, and philosophical puzzles. This exceptionally successful anthology presents a large number of substantial--and in some cases complete--selections from major works, offering a unique balance between classical and contemporary readings. This third edition adds selections by Plato, Nelson Pike, J.L. Mackie, Elizabeth Anderson, David Lewis, Hilary Putnam, Frank Jackson, John Perry, Peter Strawson, Rosalind Hursthouse, G.A. Cohen, Samuel Scheffler, Debra Satz, and Kwame Anthony Appiah as well as Kavka's Toxin Puzzle and Quinn's Puzzle of the Self-Torturer .

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition	xi	(2)
Preface to the First Edition	xiii
Introduction: On the Study of Philosophy	1	(6)
Part I: Philosophy and the Meaning of Life	7	(36)
Bertrand Russell
The Value of Philosophy	9	(3)
J. J. C. Smart
The Province of Philosophy	12	(8)
Thomas Nagel
The Absurd	20	(7)
Plato
Apology: Defence of Socrates	27	(16)
Part II: God and Evil	43	(68)
Introduction
A. Why Believe?	45	(12)
Saint Anselm
The Ontological Argument	45	(2)
Saint Thomas Aquinas
The Existence of God	47	(2)
Blaise Pascal
The Wager	49	(4)
Bertrand Russell
Why I Am Not a Theist	53	(4)
B. The Problem of Evil	57	(54)
David Hume
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion	57	(34)
Gottfried Leibniz
God, Evil and the Best of All Possible Worlds	91	(2)
Nelson Pike
Hume on Evil	93	(10)
J. L. Mackie
Evil and Omnipotence	103	(8)
Part III: Knowledge and Reality	111	(194)
Introduction
A. Classics of Epistemology	116	(101)
Rene Descartes
Meditations on First Philosophy	116	(23)
John Locke
Some Further Considerations Concerning Our Simple Ideas of Sensation	139	(6)
George Berkeley
Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous	145	(31)
David Hume
Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses	176	(14)
David Hume
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	190	(27)
B. Perception	217	(13)
A. J. Ayer
The Argument from Illusion	217	(4)
J.L. Austin
The Argument from Illusion	221	(9)
C. Induction, Causation, and Scientific Explanation	230	(75)
W.C. Salmon
The Problem of Induction	230	(22)
G.E.M. Anscombe
Causality and Determination	252	(11)
Carl G. Hempel
Laws and Their Role in Scientific Explanation	263	(14)
Paul Feyerabend
How to Defend Society Against Science	277	(7)
Elizabeth Anderson
Knowledge, Human Interests, and Objectivity in Feminist Epistemology	284	(21)
Part IV: Minds, Bodies, and Persons	305	(170)
Introduction
A. The Traditional Problem of Mind and Body	314	(40)
Bertrand Russell
The Argument from Analogy for Other Minds	314	(2)
Gilbert Ryle
Descartes's Myth	316	(8)
David M. Armstrong
The Nature of Mind	324	(7)
David Lewis
Mad Pain and Martian Pain	331	(6)
Daniel Dennett
Intentional Systems	337	(12)
Paul M. Churchland
Eliminative Materialism	349	(5)
B. Minds, Brains, and Machines	354	(28)
Hilary Putnam
Turing Machines	354	(1)
A.M. Turing
Computing Machinery and Intelligence	355	(13)
John K. Searle
Minds, Brains, and Programs	368	(14)
C. Consciousness	382	(14)
Thomas Nagel
What Is It Like to Be a Bat?	382	(8)
Frank Jackson
What Mary Didn't Know	390	(4)
David Lewis
Knowing What It's Like	394	(2)
D. Personal Identity	396	(21)
John Perry
A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality	396	(21)
E.Freedom, Determinism, and Responsibility	417	(58)
C.A.Campbell
Has the Self"Free Will"?	417	(9)
David Hume
Of Liberty and Necessity	426	(11)
Richard Taylor
Freedom and Determinism	437	(13)
Harry G. Frankfurt
Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person	450	(10)
Peter Strawson
Freedom and Resentment	460	(15)
Part V: Ethics and Society	475	(310)
Introduction
A. Utilitarianism	483	(46)
Jeremy Bentham, The Principle of Utility	483	(3)
John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism	486	(17)
E.F.Carritt, Criticisms of Utilitarianism	503	(2)
J.J.C. Smart, Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism	505	(7)
Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism and Integrity	512	(9)
Peter Singer, Famine, Affluence, and Morality	521	(8)
B. Kantian Ethics	529	(35)
Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals	529	(17)
Onora O'Neill, Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems	546	(6)
Thomas Nagel, War and Massacre	552	(12)
C. Aristotelian Ethics	564	(34)
Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics	564	(16)
Thomas Nagel, Aristotle on Eudaimonia	580	(4)
Rosalind Hursthouse, Virtue Theory and Abortion	584	(14)
D. Justice and Equality	598	(81)
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice	598	(13)
Robert Nozick, Justice and Entitlement	611	(8)
G.A. Cohen, Where the Action Is: On the Site of Distributive Justice	619	(16)
Samuel Scheffler, Responsibility, Reactive Attitudes, and Liberalism in Philosophy and Politics	635	(15)
John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women	650	(4)
Debra Satz, Markerts in Women's Reproductive Labor	654	(14)
Kwame Anthony Appiah, Racisms	668	(11)
E. Challenges to Morality	679	(106)
1. Morality and Self-Interest	679	(1)
Plato, The Republic	679	(36)
David Hume
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals	715	(24)
David Gauthier
Morality and Advantage	739	(8)
J.L. Mackie
The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and Principles of Evolution	747	(6)
2. Subjectivism, Relativism, and Skepticism	753	(1)
J.L. Mackie
The Subjectivity of Values	753	(12)
Gilbert Harman
Ethics and Observation	765	(4)
Nicholas L. Sturgeon
Moral Explanations	769	(16)
Part VI: Puzzles and Paradoxes	785	(14)
Introduction
A. Zeno's Paradoxes	786	(2)
Achilles and the Tortoise	786	(1)
The Racecourse	787	(1)
The Argument Against Plurality	787	(1)
B. Metaphysical and Epistemological Puzzles and Paradoxes	788	(4)
The Paradox of Identity	788	(1)
The Paradox of the Heap	789	(1)
The Surprise Examination	790	(1)
Goodman's New Riddle of Induction	791	(1)
C. Puzzles of Rational Choice	792	(4)
The Prisoner's Dilemma	792	(1)
Newcomb's Problem	793	(1)
Kavka's Toxin Puzzle	794	(1)
Quinn's Puzzle of the Self-Torturer	795	(1)
D. Paradoxes of Logic, Set Theory, and Semantics	796	(3)
The Paradox of the Liar	796	(1)
Other Versions of the Liar	797	(1)
Russell's Paradox	797	(1)
Grelling's Paradox	798	(1)
Glossary of Philosophical Terms	799