An Introduction to Philosophy

by Maritain, Jacques; Watkin, E. I.; McInerny, Ralph

• ISBN13: 9780742550520
• ISBN10: 0742550524
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-30
• Publisher: Sheed & Ward

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
Introduction	p. xiii
Introductory	p. xix
The Nature of Philosophy
Philosophic Thought before Philosophy in the Strict Sense	p. 3
Introduction
Primitive tradition	p. 4
The Semites and the Egyptians
The Indo-Europeans	p. 5
The Persians
The Indians	p. 6
Brahmanism
Buddhism	p. 11
Other schools	p. 13
The Chinese	p. 14
Limitations of human wisdom	p. 18
The Greeks the chosen people of reason	p. 19
The Pre-Socratic Philosophers	p. 21
The Sages
The Ionians	p. 22
Thales and his successors
The great physicists	p. 24
Heraclitus
Democritus	p. 26
Anaxagoras	p. 27
The Italians: Pythagoras	p. 28
The Eleatics: Parmenides	p. 32
The Sophists and Socrates	p. 34
Introduction
The sophists	p. 35
Socrates	p. 37
Ethics and knowledge	p. 38
Irony, maieutic, dialectic	p. 39
Moderate intellectualism	p. 40
Plato and Aristotle	p. 42
The minor Socratics
Plato	p. 43
His theory of ideas
His system of philosophy	p. 45
Its limitations	p. 47
Aristotle	p. 48
Corrections of Plato	p. 49
The Aristotelian system	p. 52
Aristotle's works	p. 56
Aristotle and St. Thomas	p. 60
Philosophia perennis	p. 62
Definition of Philosophy	p. 64
Scientific knowledge
Its material object	p. 67
Its formal object
Conclusion I	p. 69
Further considerations
Philosophy and the Special Sciences	p. 71
Philosophy judges the special sciences
It governs them	p. 72
It defends them	p. 76
It is pre-eminently free	p. 77
Further observations
Conclusion II	p. 81
Philosophy and Theology	p. 82
Nature of theology
Theology judges philosophy	p. 83
Philosophy submits to theology its conclusions, not its premises	p. 84
Philosophia ancilla theologiae	p. 86
Further considerations
Conclusion III	p. 88
Philosophy and Common Sense	p. 89
Unscientific knowledge
Philosophy is derived from common sense, understood as the natural apprehension of first principles	p. 90
Common sense may accidentally judge philosophy	p. 91
Conclusion IV
The method of philosophy	p. 95
The Classification of Philosophy
The Main Divisions of Philosophy	p. 101
Logic. Theoretical philosophy. Practical philosophy
Their objects	p. 104
Conclusion V	p. 106
Logic	p. 107
Correct reasoning
Ideas and images	p. 108
Conclusion VI	p. 109
Individual and universal
Conclusion VII	p. 111
The problems of universals	p. 112
Nominalism
Realism
Moderate Realism
The Philosophy of Mathematics and the Philosophy of Nature	p. 114
The term body
The philosophy of mathematics
The philosophy of nature	p. 115
Mechanism	p. 116
Dynamism
Hylomorphism	p. 117
Psychology	p. 119
Problem of the origin of ideas
Conclusion VIII	p. 121
Abstraction: Problem of human nature
Conflicting schools	p. 123
Criticism (Epistemology)	p. 126
Being qua being
Criticism
Problem of truth	p. 127
Conclusion IX	p. 129
Conflicting schools	p. 130
Scepticism
Rationalism
Moderate intellectualism	p. 130
Problem of the object of the intellect	p. 131
Conclusion X	p. 133
Being and intelligibility
Conclusion XI	p. 134
Ontology: Essence	p. 135
Problems of ontology
Essence	p. 136
In the wide sense	p. 137
In the strict sense	p. 139
Characteristics of this essence	p. 141
Conclusion XII	p. 144
Further observations
Our intellect can apprehend essence	p. 146
Conclusion XIII
Further observations
Essence is universal in the mind	p. 148
Conclusion XIV	p. 149
Individual nature and matter
Individual nature	p. 150
First matter	p. 151
Archetypal being	p. 152
Nature, essence, and quiddity	p. 154
Ontology: Substance and Accident	p. 157
Origin of these notions
Substance	p. 161
Conclusion XV	p. 163
Further observations
Accident	p. 165
Conclusion XVI	p. 166
Further observations
Conflicting schools	p. 167
The individuality of substance	p. 170
Substantia prima, substantia secunda
Per se, a se, in se	p. 173
Ontology: Act and Potentiality	p. 176
Origin of these notions
Identity and change
Their apparent incompatibility	p. 177
Solved by the concept potentiality	p. 178
Potency or potentiality	p. 179
Act	p. 180
Conclusion XVII	p. 181
The nature of change
Act and potentiality in things
Axioms i-vii	p. 183
Conflicting schools	p. 185
Terminology
Material and formal	p. 186
Virtual and formal (actual)	p. 188
Implicit and explicit
In express act, in accomplished act	p. 189
Theodicy (Natural Theology)	p. 190
Subsistent being itself	p. 191
The Philosophy of Art; Ethics	p. 193
Introduction
The philosophy of art
Ethics	p. 196
Divisions of ethics
Conflicting schools	p. 199
Conclusion: Classification of philosophy	p. 201
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