This fully revised third edition integrates updated references, new findings, and modern theories, to present readers with the most thorough and complete introduction to phonetics and phonology. Exceptionally thorough, including detailed attention to articulatory and acoustic phonetics as well as to the foundations of phonological analysis Features a number of valuable changes, incorporating new material on the latest findings in speech production studies; greater coverage of prosody, including a major section on autosegmental metrical models; expanded coverage of phonology, including Optimality Theory; and sections on L1 and L2 acquisition, and sociolectal variation Integrates new findings, theories references throughout, offering students the most thorough and complete knowledge of the subject to date Includes 125 figures throughout.

John Clark is Professor Emeritus at the University of Western Sydney and Adjunct Professor at Macquarie University.

Colin Yallop is Adjunct Professor in English at Macquarie University, an Honorary Fellow in the School of Languages and Linguistics at the University of Melbourne, and Chief Editor of the Macquarie Dictionary.

Janet Fletcher is Associate Professor in the School of Languages and Linguistics at the University of Melbourne.

List of Figures	p. x
List of Tables	p. xiv
Preface to the Third Edition	p. xv
List of Abbreviations	p. xvi
Introduction	p. 1
Phonetics and phonology	p. 1
Theory and analysis	p. 4
Applications of phonetics and phonology	p. 6
Outline of this book	p. 7
Exercises	p. 9
Segmental Articulation	p. 10
Introduction	p. 10
A functional overview of the speech production process	p. 11
The organs of speech	p. 15
Describing speech sounds	p. 16
Airstream mechanisms	p. 16
Modes of phonation	p. 19
Vocalic sounds	p. 22
Duration and glide in vocalic articulations	p. 32
Consonantal sounds	p. 36
Vocal tract place	p. 38
Tongue position	p. 41
Manner of articulation	p. 43
Stricture	p. 49
Force	p. 51
Length	p. 51
Voice onset	p. 52
Exercises	p. 53
Units of Speech	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Identifying the units of speech	p. 56
Complex articulations	p. 61
Nasalization	p. 62
Labialization	p. 63
Palatalization	p. 64
Velarization and pharyngealization	p. 64
Affrication	p. 65
Double articulation	p. 65
Vowel retroflexion	p. 66
Diphthongization	p. 66
Syllabicity	p. 67
Segmentation and structure	p. 69
Diphthongs and related phenomena	p. 71
Interpretations	p. 74
Exercises	p. 79
The Phonemic Organization of Speech	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Phonetic variability	p. 81
The phoneme	p. 90
Allophones	p. 93
Phonemic norms	p. 98
Pattern and symmetry	p. 99
Phonological reality	p. 103
Units and boundaries	p. 105
Invariance and overlap	p. 107
Biuniqueness and neutralization	p. 109
Morphophonemic alternations	p. 114
Free variation	p. 116
The sounds of the world's languages	p. 118
Exercises	p. 124
The Generative Approach to Phonology	p. 126
Introduction	p. 126
The origins of generative phonology	p. 126
The sound pattern of English	p. 129
Basic rule notation in generative phonology	p. 131
Formalism and evaluation	p. 137
Abbreviatory devices in rule notation	p. 139
Rule order	p. 145
Functional considerations	p. 148
Naturalness and markedness	p. 152
Abstractness	p. 154
Exercises	p. 157
The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Conventions of anatomical description	p. 160
The nervous system	p. 162
The respiratory system	p. 168
The larynx	p. 175
Phonation	p. 184
The pharynx	p. 190
The velum and the nasal cavity	p. 191
The oral cavity	p. 194
The tongue	p. 195
The lips	p. 198
The mandible	p. 200
Exercises	p. 202
The Acoustics of Speech Production	p. 204
Introduction	p. 204
The nature of sound	p. 205
The propagation of sound	p. 207
Simple harmonie motion	p. 207
Complex vibrations	p. 213
Resonance	p. 216
Basic amplitude properties of sound waves	p. 219
Time domain properties of sound waves	p. 223
Frequency domain properties of sound waves	p. 224
Some basic perceptual properties of sound waves	p. 230
The acoustic model of speech production	p. 233
Phonation as a sound source	p. 234
Sources of frication	p. 238
The vocal tract filter in vowel production	p. 240
Spectrographic analysis of speech	p. 249
Acoustic properties of vowel quality	p. 261
The vocal tract filter in consonant production	p. 272
The acoustic properties of consonants in syllables	p. 278
The relationship between articulatory and acoustic properties of speech production	p. 288
Acoustic features of prosody	p. 292
Exercises	p. 296
Speech Perception	p. 297
Introduction	p. 297
The auditory system	p. 298
Psychophysical properties of the auditory system	p. 301
Speech intelligibility	p. 304
Acoustic-phonetic perception	p. 308
Vowel perception	p. 311
Consonant perception	p. 313
Units of perception	p. 314
Prosodic perception	p. 318
Word recognition	p. 320
Models of speech perception	p. 321
Conclusion	p. 324
Exercises	p. 324
Prosody	p. 326
Introduction	p. 326
The phonetic basis of suprasegmentals	p. 330
The systemic organization of prosody	p. 337
Tone languages	p. 342
Pitch-accent languages	p. 347
Stress in English	p. 349
Stress assignment	p. 354
Intonation in English	p. 359
Tones and break indices	p. 364
Exercises	p. 370
Feature Systems	p. 372
Introduction	p. 372
Acoustic features	p. 373
Articulatory features	p. 374
Perceptual features	p. 375
Distinctive features	p. 376
Cover features	p. 377
Abstract features	p. 379
Accuracy and universality	p. 380
Universal feature systems	p. 384
Features and discreteness	p. 385
Hierarchical organization of features	p. 386
Feature geometry	p. 389
Overview	p. 391
Exercises	p. 391
The Progress of Phonology	p. 393
Introduction	p. 393
Currents of theory	p. 394
Phonetics and phonology before the twentieth century	p. 397
The phoneme	p. 399
The traditions of phonetics	p. 400
Phonology in North America	p. 401
The Prague School	p. 403
Glossematics and stratificational phonology	p. 404
Firthian prosodic phonology	p. 406
Generative phonology	p. 408
Natural generative phonology	p. 410
Natural phonology	p. 411
Autosegmental and CV phonology	p. 413
Metrical phonology	p. 417
Lexical phonology	p. 419
Dependency phonology	p. 421
Optimality theory	p. 423
Prosodie phonology	p. 426
Phonology in the laboratory	p. 428
Conclusion	p. 431
Exercises	p. 433
Phonetic Symbols	p. 435
Vowel symbols	p. 435
Consonant symbols	p. 436
Diacritics and conventions for complex articulations	p. 438
Symbols used in transcription of English	p. 439
Features	p. 442
Jakobson and Halle's distinctive features	p. 442
Chomsky and Halle's universal set of phonetic features	p. 443
Ladefoged's 'Traditional Features'	p. 444
Components in dependency phonology	p. 446
References	p. 447
Index	p. 474
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