Introduction to Physical Science

by Shipman, James

• ISBN13: 9780395955703
• ISBN10: 039595570X
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-14
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Measurement	1	(23)
The Senses	2	(1)
Introduction to the Scientific Method	2	(2)
Standard Units and Systems of Units	4	(3)
More on the Metric System	7	(3)
Derived Units and Conversion Factors	10	(5)
Highlight: Who Put 5280 Feet in a Mile?	12	(3)
Significant Figures	15	(1)
Powers-of-10 (Scientific) Notation	16	(2)
A Spotlight on: Fundamental Quantities	17	(1)
Approach to Problem Solving	18	(6)
Important Terms	19	(1)
Important Equations	20	(1)
Review Questions	20	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	21	(1)
Exercises	21	(2)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	23	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	23	(1)
Motion	24	(19)
Defining Motion	25	(1)
Speed and Velocity	25	(4)
Acceleration	29	(5)
Highlight: Galileo and the Leaning Tower of Pisa	32	(2)
Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion	34	(2)
Projectile Motion	36	(7)
Important Terms	39	(1)
Important Equations	39	(1)
Review Questions	39	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	40	(1)
Exercises	40	(2)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	42	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	42	(1)
Force and Motion	43	(26)
Newton's First Law of Motion	44	(3)
Highlight: Isaac Newton	46	(1)
Newton's Second Law of Motion	47	(4)
Newton's Third Law of Motion	51	(2)
Newton's Law of Gravitation	53	(6)
Highlight: The ``Fourth Law of Motion'': The Automobile Air Bag	54	(3)
A Spotlight on: Newton's Laws of Motion	57	(2)
Momentum	59	(10)
Important Terms	64	(1)
Important Equations	64	(1)
Review Questions	64	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	65	(1)
Exercises	66	(1)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	67	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	68	(1)
Work and Energy	69	(23)
Work	70	(2)
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy	72	(4)
Conservation of Energy	76	(2)
Power	78	(2)
Forms and Sources of Energy	80	(12)
Highlight: Tidal Power	84	(2)
Important Terms	86	(1)
Important Equations	87	(1)
Review Questions	87	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	89	(1)
Exercises	89	(2)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	91	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	91	(1)
Temperature and Heat	92	(29)
Temperature	93	(2)
Heat	95	(1)
Specific Heat and Latent Heat	96	(7)
Highlight: Freezing from the Top Down	98	(5)
Heat Transfer	103	(2)
Phases of Matter	105	(2)
The Kinetic Theory of Gases	107	(3)
Highlight: Hot Gases: Aerosol Cans and Popcorn	110	(1)
Thermodynamics	110	(11)
Important Terms	115	(1)
Important Equations	115	(1)
Review Questions	116	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	118	(1)
Exercises	118	(2)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	120	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	120	(1)
Waves	121	(18)
Wave Properties	122	(3)
Electromagnetic Waves	125	(2)
Sound Waves	127	(6)
Highlight: Noise Exposure Limits	132	(1)
The Doppler Effect	133	(1)
Standing Waves and Resonance	134	(5)
Important Terms	136	(1)
Important Equations	136	(1)
Review Questions	136	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	137	(1)
Exercises	138	(1)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	138	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	138	(1)
Wave Effects and Optics	139	(33)
Reflection	140	(1)
Refraction and Dispersion	141	(9)
Highlight: The Rainbow: Dispersion and Internal Reflection	148	(2)
Polarization	150	(2)
Diffraction and Interference	152	(6)
Highlight: Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)	154	(4)
Spherical Mirrors	158	(5)
Lenses	163	(9)
Important Terms	167	(1)
Important Equations	167	(1)
Review Questions	168	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	169	(1)
Exercises	169	(2)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	171	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	171	(1)
Electricity and Magnetism	172	(32)
Electric Charge and Current	173	(5)
Highlight: Photocopiers	176	(2)
Voltage and Electrical Power	178	(3)
Simple Electric Circuits and Electrical Safety	181	(6)
Highlight: Electrical Safety	186	(1)
Magnetism	187	(5)
Electromagnetism	192	(12)
Important Terms	199	(1)
Important Equations	199	(1)
Review Questions	200	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	201	(1)
Exercises	201	(2)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	203	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	203	(1)
Atomic Physics	204	(28)
Early Concepts of the Atom	205	(1)
The Dual Nature of Light	206	(4)
Highlight: Albert Einstein	210	(1)
Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom	210	(7)
Microwave Ovens, X-Rays, and Lasers	217	(5)
Highlight: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence	220	(2)
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle	222	(1)
Matter Waves	223	(2)
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom	225	(7)
A Spotlight on: The Changing Model of the Atom	227	(1)
Important Terms	228	(1)
Important Equations	228	(1)
Review Questions	228	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	230	(1)
Exercises	230	(1)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	231	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	231	(1)
Nuclear Physics	232	(33)
Symbols of the Elements	233	(1)
The Atomic Nucleus	233	(6)
Radioactivity and Half-Life	239	(7)
Highlight: The Discovery of Radioactivity	242	(4)
Nuclear Reactions	246	(3)
Nuclear Fission	249	(5)
Highlight: The Origins of the Bomb	252	(2)
Nuclear Fusion	254	(4)
Biological Effects of Radiation	258	(7)
Important Terms	260	(1)
Important Equations	260	(1)
Review Questions	260	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	262	(1)
Exercises	262	(2)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	264	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	264	(1)
The Chemical Elements	265	(28)
Classification of Matter	266	(3)
Discovery of the Elements	269	(2)
Highlight: The Tragedy of Lake Nyos	270	(1)
Occurrence of the Elements	271	(4)
The Periodic Table	275	(6)
Highlight: Mendeleev and the Periodic Table	276	(5)
Naming Compounds	281	(2)
Groups of Elements	283	(10)
A Spotlight On: Naming Compounds	285	(3)
Important Terms	288	(1)
Review Questions	288	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	290	(1)
Exercises	290	(2)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	292	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	292	(1)
Chemical Bonding	293	(28)
Law of Conservation of Mass	294	(1)
Law of Definite Proportions	294	(3)
Highlight: Lavoisier, The Father of Chemistry	296	(1)
Dalton's Atomic Theory	297	(1)
Ionic Bonding	298	(7)
Covalent Bonding	305	(9)
Highlight: The Varied Uses of Ammonia	308	(6)
Hydrogen Bonding	314	(7)
Important Terms	316	(1)
Important Equations	316	(1)
Review Questions	316	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	318	(1)
Exercises	318	(2)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	320	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	320	(1)
Chemical Reactions	321	(28)
Balancing Chemical Equations	322	(3)
Energy and Rate of Reaction	325	(6)
Highlight: The Chemistry of Heat Packs	330	(1)
Acids and Bases	331	(8)
Highlight: Chemistry and Teeth	336	(3)
Single-Replacement Reactions	339	(5)
A Spotlight On: Reaction Types	343	(1)
Avogadro's Number	344	(5)
Important Terms	345	(1)
Review Questions	345	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	346	(1)
Exercises	347	(1)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	348	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	348	(1)
Organic Chemistry	349	(31)
Bonding in Organic Compounds	350	(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	351	(1)
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons	352	(7)
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons	359	(10)
Highlight: Drugs, Dogs, and Body Odor	364	(5)
Synthetic Polymers	369	(11)
A Spotlight On: Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives	371	(2)
Important Terms	373	(1)
Review Questions	373	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	375	(1)
Exercises	375	(4)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	379	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	379	(1)
The Solar System	380	(41)
The Solar System: An Overview	381	(7)
The Planet Earth	388	(4)
The Terrestrial Planets	392	(6)
A Spotlight On: The Terrestrial Planets	396	(2)
The Jovian Planets and Pluto	398	(9)
Highlight: Space Flights in the Solar System	400	(4)
A Spotlight On: The Jovian Planets	404	(3)
Other Solar System Objects	407	(4)
The Origin of the Solar System	411	(2)
Other Planetary Systems	413	(8)
Important Terms	416	(1)
Important Equations	416	(1)
Review Questions	416	(3)
Applying Your Knowledge	419	(1)
Exercises	419	(1)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	420	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	420	(1)
Place and Time	421	(22)
Cartesian Coordinates	422	(1)
Latitude and Longitude	422	(3)
Time	425	(7)
Highlight: The Concept of Time	426	(6)
The Seasons	432	(3)
Precession of Earth's Axis	435	(1)
The Calendar	436	(7)
A Spotlight On: Place and Time	437	(2)
Important Terms	439	(1)
Review Questions	439	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	441	(1)
Exercises	441	(1)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	442	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	442	(1)
The Moon	443	(23)
General Features	444	(2)
Composition and History of the Moon	446	(3)
Highlight: The Origin of the Moon	448	(1)
Lunar Motions	449	(1)
Phases of the Moon	450	(4)
Eclipses	454	(3)
Ocean Tides	457	(9)
A Spotlight On: The Moon	460	(2)
Important Terms	462	(1)
Review Questions	462	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	464	(1)
Exercises	464	(1)
Solution to Confidence Exercise	465	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	465	(1)
The Universe	466	(34)
The Sun	467	(5)
Highlight: Neutrinos	470	(2)
The Celestial Sphere	472	(2)
Stars	474	(8)
Gravitational Collapse and Black Holes	482	(2)
Galaxies	484	(5)
Quasars	489	(1)
Cosmology	490	(10)
Highlight: Other Cosmologies	494	(1)
Important Terms	495	(1)
Important Equations	495	(1)
Review Questions	495	(3)
Applying Your Knowledge	498	(1)
Exercises	498	(1)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	499	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	499	(1)
The Atmosphere	500	(30)
Composition and Structure	501	(4)
Atmospheric Energy Content	505	(3)
Highlight: Blue Skies and Red Sunsets	508	(1)
Atmospheric Measurements and Observations	508	(10)
Highlight: The Greenhouse Effect	510	(8)
Air Motion	518	(4)
Clouds	522	(8)
A Spotlight On: Cloud Families and Types	523	(3)
Important Terms	526	(1)
Important Equations	526	(1)
Review Questions	526	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	528	(1)
Exercises	528	(1)
Solution to Confidence Exercise	529	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	529	(1)
Atmospheric Effects	530	(27)
Condensation and Precipitation	531	(2)
Air Masses	533	(3)
Storms	536	(9)
Highlight: El Nino and La Nina	538	(6)
Highlight: Naming Hurricanes	544	(1)
Atmospheric Pollution	545	(5)
Pollution and Climate	550	(7)
Highlight: The Ozone Hole	552	(2)
Important Terms	554	(1)
Review Questions	555	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	556	(1)
Exercises	556	(1)
Solution to Confidence Exercise	556	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	556	(1)
Minerals and Rocks	557	(30)
Minerals	558	(4)
Highlight: Rare Beauties: Gems	562	(1)
Rocks	562	(3)
Igneous Rocks	565	(4)
Igneous Activity	569	(7)
Sedimentary Rocks	576	(5)
Metamorphic Rocks	581	(6)
Important Terms	584	(1)
Review Questions	585	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	586	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	586	(1)
Structural Geology	587	(26)
Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading	588	(3)
Plate Tectonics	591	(4)
Earthquakes and Earth's Interior	595	(10)
A Spotlight On: Plate Tectonics--The Engine that Drives Crustal Processes	597	(5)
Highlight: Deadly Tsunamis	602	(3)
Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building	605	(8)
Important Terms	610	(1)
Review Questions	610	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	611	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	612	(1)
Surface Processes	613	(20)
Weathering	614	(2)
Erosion	616	(8)
Highlight: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1993	618	(6)
Groundwater	624	(3)
Shoreline and Seafloor Topography	627	(6)
Important Terms	631	(1)
Review Questions	631	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	632	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	632	(1)
Geologic Time	633	(1)
Fossils	634	(2)
Relative Geologic Time	636	(4)
Radiometric Dating	640	(4)
The Age of Earth	644	(2)
The Geologic Time Scale	646	(1)
A Spotlight On: The Geologic Time Scale	647	(3)
Highlight: The K-T Event: The Disappearance of Dinosaurs	650	(1)
Important Terms	651	(1)
Review Questions	651	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	652	(1)
Exercises	653	(1)
Solutions to Confidence Exercises	654	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	654
Appendixes
I The Seven Base Units of the International System of Units (SI)	1	(1)
II Solving Mathematical Problems in Science	1	(1)
III Equation Rearrangement	2	(4)
IV Analysis of Units	6	(1)
V Positive and Negative Numbers	7	(1)
VI Powers-of-10 Notation	8	(2)
VII Significant Figures	10	(2)
VIII Psychrometric Tables	12	(2)
Glossary	14	(17)
Photo Credits	31
Index	1