An Introduction to Policing

by DEMPSEY

• ISBN13: 9780534546755
• ISBN10: 0534546757
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-07-30
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This text presents a remarkable balance between the practical and theoretical. Dempsey brings his 25 years of policing experience (as a ranking officer in the New York Police Department) together with the best and most contemporary research to illustrate both the formal and the real workings of the policing system. By focusing on the controversies and the problems within the system, including the newest statistical data, Dempsey creates a uniquely objective text. No other text melds real experiences with high-quality research and statistics as well as Dempsey.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Part I POLICE HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION	1	(80)
Chapter 1 Police History	1	(30)
Introduction	2	(1)
Early Police	2	(1)
English Policing: Our English Heritage	3	(3)
Early History	3	(1)
Seventeenth Century and Thief-Takers	4	(1)
Henry Fielding	4	(1)
Peel's Police	5	(1)
American Policing: The Colonial Experience	6	(1)
American Policing: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries	7	(6)
The Urban Experience	8	(3)
The Frontier Experience	11	(2)
American Policing: Twentieth Century	13	(14)
Policing from 1900 to 1960	13	(4)
Policing in the 1960s and 1970s	17	(6)
Policing in the 1980s and 1990s	23	(4)
Chapter Summary	27	(4)
Chapter 2 Organizing Public and Private Security in the United States	31	(26)
Introduction	32	(1)
The U.S. Public and Private Safety Industry	32	(2)
Local Law Enforcement	34	(3)
Metropolitan Law Enforcement	35	(1)
Country Law Enforcement	35	(1)
Rural and Small Town Law Enforcement	36	(1)
State Law Enforcement	37	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement	38	(7)
Department of Justice	39	(2)
Treasury Department	41	(2)
Department of the Interior	43	(1)
Department of Defense	43	(1)
General Services Administration	44	(1)
U.S. Postal Service	44	(1)
Department of Transportation	44	(1)
Other Federal Enforcement Agencies	44	(1)
Task Force Approach to Enforcement	44	(1)
International Police	45	(1)
Private Security	45	(5)
What Is Private Security?	46	(1)
History of Private Security	47	(1)
Operations of Private Security Today	47	(1)
Private Security and the Courts	48	(1)
Current Problems of Private Security	48	(1)
Licensing of Private Security	48	(1)
Professionalization of Private Security	49	(1)
Forecasts Regarding the Need for Private Security	49	(1)
Private Employment of Public Police	50	(2)
Community Self-Protection	52	(1)
Target Hardening	53	(1)
Neighborhood Watch Programs	53	(1)
Impact of Recession on Police Agencies and Police Consolidation	53	(1)
Chapter Summary	54	(3)
Chapter 3 Organizing the Police Department	57	(24)
Introduction	58	(1)
Organizing the Department: Managerial Concepts	58	(2)
Division of Labor	58	(1)
Chain of Command (Hierarchy of Authority)	58	(1)
Span of Control	58	(1)
Delegation of Responsibility and Authority	59	(1)
Unity of Command	59	(1)
Rules, Regulations, and Discipline	59	(1)
Organizing by Personnel	60	(9)
The Civil Service System	60	(1)
Quasi-Military Model of Police	61	(1)
Sworn and Nonsworn (Civilian) Personnel	61	(1)
Rank Structure	62	(3)
Other Personnel	65	(3)
Some Personnel Issues	68	(1)
Organizing by Area	69	(2)
Beats/Posts	69	(2)
Sectors/Zones	71	(1)
Precincts	71	(1)
Organizing by Time	71	(3)
The Three-Tour System	71	(2)
Tour Conditions	73	(1)
Steady (Fixed) Tours	73	(1)
Organizing by Function or Purpose	74	(4)
Line and Staff (Support) Functions	74	(1)
Police Department Units	74	(4)
Chapter Summary	78	(3)
PART II THE PERSONAL SIDE OF POLICING	81	(66)
Chapter 4 Becoming a Police Officer	81	(30)
Introduction	82	(1)
Finding Information on Jobs in Policing	82	(1)
The Recruitment Process	83	(3)
The Job Analysis	86	(1)
The Selection Process	87	(9)
Characteristics of Good Police Officers	88	(2)
Guidelines for the Selection Process	90	(1)
Written Entrance Examination	91	(1)
Oral Interview	92	(1)
Psychological Appraisal	93	(1)
Polygraph Examination	93	(2)
Medical Examination	95	(1)
Physical Agility Test	95	(1)
Background Investigation	95	(1)
Standards in Police Selection	96	(5)
Physical Requirements	96	(1)
Age Requirements	97	(1)
Education Requirements	98	(2)
Prior Drug Use	100	(1)
Criminal Record Restrictions	100	(1)
Residency Requirements	100	(1)
Sexual Orientation	101	(1)
The Police Training Process	101	(5)
Recruit Training	101	(4)
In-Service, Management, and Specialized Training	105	(1)
Training for the Police Corps	105	(1)
Community Policing Training	106	(1)
Probationary Period	106	(1)
Chapter Summary	106	(5)
Chapter 5 The Police Role and Police Discretion	111	(16)
Introduction	112	(1)
The Police Role	112	(4)
Crime-Fighting Role	112	(1)
Order Maintenance Role	113	(1)
Ambiguity of the Police Role	114	(2)
Goals and Objectives of Policing	116	(1)
Primary Goals and Objectives	116	(1)
Secondary Goals and Objectives	116	(1)
Police Operational Styles	117	(2)
Broderick's Police Operational Styles	117	(1)
Wilson's Police Operational Styles	118	(1)
Police Discretion	119	(4)
What Is Discretion?	119	(2)
How Is Discretion Exercised?	121	(1)
Why Is Discretion Exercised?	121	(1)
What Factors Influence Discretion?	121	(2)
How Can Discretion Be Controlled?	123	(1)
Chapter Summary	123	(4)
Chapter 6 The Police Culture: Personality and Stress	127	(20)
Introduction	128	(1)
The Police Culture or Subculture	128	(1)
The Police Personality	129	(4)
What Is the Police Personality?	129	(2)
Are They Born Like That, or Is It the Job?	131	(2)
Police Cynicism	133	(1)
The Dirty Harry Problem	133	(2)
Police Stress	135	(6)
What Is Stress?	135	(1)
Nature of Stress in Policing	135	(1)
Factors Causing Stress in Policing	136	(1)
Effects of Stress on Police Officers	137	(1)
Stress and Police Families	138	(1)
Police Departments Dealing with Stress	139	(1)
Testing for Ability to Handle Stress	140	(1)
Police Suicide	141	(1)
Chapter Summary	142	(5)
PART III POLICE OPERATIONS	147	(140)
Chapter 7 Police Operations: The Traditional Approach	147	(24)
Introduction	148	(1)
Traditional Methods of Police Work	148	(1)
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Police Work	148	(1)
Random Routine Patrol: The Kansas City Study	149	(2)
The Kansas City Study in Brief	149	(1)
Results of the Kansas City Study	150	(1)
Critiques of the Kansas City Study	150	(1)
Value of the Kansas City Study	151	(1)
Rapid Response to Citizens' 911 Calls	151	(2)
Early Studies of Rapid Response	152	(1)
Later Studies of Rapid Response	152	(1)
Retroactive Investigation of Past Crimes by Detectives	153	(1)
Police Patrol Operations	154	(9)
Activities of the Patrol Officer	154	(1)
The Legacy of O.W. Wilson	155	(1)
Academic Studies of the Police Patrol Function	155	(4)
From the Foot Beat to the Patrol Car	159	(2)
Return to Foot Patrol	161	(1)
Why Walking Works Better Than Driving	162	(1)
Detective Operations	163	(2)
What Do Detectives Do?	163	(1)
The Detective Mystique	164	(1)
Police Traffic Operations	165	(1)
Police Special Operations	165	(2)
SWAT Teams	165	(1)
Emergency Service Units	166	(1)
Chapter Summary	167	(4)
Chapter 8 Police Operations: A New Approach	171	(24)
Introduction	172	(1)
Alternatives to Random Routine Patrol and Rapid Response to Citizens' 911 Calls	172	(3)
Directed Patrol	172	(2)
Split Force Patrol	174	(1)
Differential Response to Calls for Service	174	(1)
Alternatives to Retroactive Investigation of Past Crimes by Detectives	175	(3)
Improved Investigation of Past Crimes	176	(2)
Repeat Offender Programs (ROPS)	178	(1)
New, Proactive Tactics	178	(8)
Uniformed Tactical Operations	178	(4)
Decoy Operations	182	(1)
Stakeout Operations	183	(1)
Sting Operations	183	(1)
Civil Liability and Code Enforcement Teams	184	(1)
Efforts against Drunk Drivers	184	(2)
Undercover Operations	186	(4)
Police Undercover Investigations	186	(1)
Federal Undercover Investigations	186	(1)
Private Security Undercover Investigations	186	(3)
Drug Undercover Investigations	189	(1)
Entrapment	190	(1)
Chapter Summary	191	(4)
Chapter 9 Police and the Community	195	(34)
Introduction	196	(1)
The Need for Proper Police-Community Relationships	196	(1)
Human Relations, Public Relations, Community Relations	197	(1)
Public Opinion and the Police	198	(2)
Police and Minority Communities	200	(4)
Multiculturalism	200	(1)
The African-American Community	201	(1)
The Hispanic-American Community	202	(1)
The Asian-American Community	203	(1)
Native Americans	203	(1)
Women	203	(1)
The Gay Community	203	(1)
New Immigrants	204	(1)
Police and Special Populations	204	(13)
Senior Citizens' Programs	204	(4)
Programs for Young People	208	(6)
Assistance for the Homeless	214	(2)
Help for Crime Victims	216	(1)
Help for Disabled People	216	(1)
Community Crime Prevention Programs	217	(5)
Neighborhood Watch Programs	217	(1)
Crime Stoppers	218	(1)
Citizen Patrols	218	(1)
Citizen Marches	219	(1)
Citizen Volunteer Programs	219	(1)
Home Security Surveys and Operation Identification	220	(1)
National Night Out	220	(1)
Police Storefront Stations or Ministations	221	(1)
Mass Media Campaigns	221	(1)
Citizen Police Academies	222	(1)
Other Police-Sponsored Crime Prevention Programs	222	(1)
Police and Business Cooperation	222	(1)
AmeriCorps and Policing	222	(2)
Chapter Summary	224	(5)
Chapter 10 Community Policing: The Debate Continues	229	(24)
Introduction	230	(1)
Corporate Strategies for Policing	230	(1)
The Philosophy of Community Policing and Problem-Solving Policing	231	(2)
Community Policing	233	(4)
Problem-Solving Policing	237	(2)
Current Ways of Doing Community Policing	239	(6)
Resident Officer Programs--The Ultimate in Community Policing?	242	(3)
The Federal Government and Community Policing	245	(2)
The Crime Bill	245	(1)
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)	245	(2)
Community Policing Consortium	247	(1)
Some Accomplishments of Community Policing	247	(1)
Not All Agree with Community Policing	248	(1)
Chapter Summary	249	(5)
Chapter 11 Police and the Law	253	(34)
Introduction	254	(1)
Crime in the United States	254	(2)
How Do We Measure Crime?	254	(1)
How Much Crime Occurs in the United States?	255	(1)
Arrests in the United States	256	(1)
The Police and the U.S. Constitution	256	(7)
Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment	256	(2)
Role of the Supreme Court in Regulating the Police	258	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	259	(4)
Impact of the Exclusionary Rule on the Police	263	(1)
The Police and Arrest	263	(3)
Probable Cause	264	(1)
Reasonable and Deadly Force in Making Arrests	264	(1)
Stopping Vehicles	265	(1)
The Police and Search and Seizure	266	(8)
The Warrant Requirement and the Search Warrant	266	(1)
Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement	267	(7)
The Police and Custodial Interrogation	274	(8)
The Path to Miranda	274	(2)
The Miranda Ruling	276	(2)
The Erosion of Miranda	278	(2)
1990s and Miranda	280	(2)
Miranda in Retrospect	282	(1)
The Police and Identification Procedures	282	(2)
Lineups, Showups, and Photo Arrays	282	(2)
Other Identification Procedures	284	(1)
Chapter Summary	284	(3)
PART IV CRITICAL ISSUING IN POLICING	287	(102)
Chapter 12 Police Ethics and Police Deviance	287	(24)
Introduction	288	(1)
Ethics and the Police	288	(2)
The Dilemma of Law Versus Order	290	(1)
Review of the Police	290	(1)
Police Corruption	291	(7)
Corruption Makes Good Books and Films	291	(1)
Examples of Police Corruption	292	(1)
Types and Forms of Corruption	293	(3)
Effects of Police Corruption	296	(1)
Reasons for Police Corruption	296	(1)
Responses to Police Corruption	297	(1)
Other Police Misconduct	298	(2)
Drug Abuse and Trafficking	298	(1)
Drinking and Alcohol Abuse	298	(1)
Cooping	299	(1)
Police Deception	299	(1)
Abuse of Authority	299	(1)
Police Brutality	300	(6)
Tradition of Police Brutality	300	(1)
Examples of Police Brutality	300	(2)
Is Brutality Really the Problem?	302	(1)
Police Department Responses to Police Brutality	303	(2)
Citizen Oversight	305	(1)
Chapter Summary	306	(5)
Chapter 13 Women and Minorities in Policing	311	(22)
Introduction	312	(1)
Discrimination in Policing	312	(4)
Discrimination against Women	312	(2)
Discrimination against Racial and Ethnic Minorities	314	(2)
Discrimination against Gay Officers	316	(1)
How Did Women and Minorities Achieve Equality?	316	(3)
Civil Rights Act of 1964	316	(1)
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972	317	(1)
Federal Courts and Job Discrimination	317	(1)
Affirmative Action Programs	318	(1)
White Male Backlash	319	(1)
Can Women and Minorities Do the Job?	320	(3)
Academic Studies of Female Officers	320	(3)
Academic Studies of African-American Officers	323	(1)
Women and Minorities in Policing Today	323	(3)
Female Representation Today	324	(1)
African-American and Other Minority Representation Today	325	(1)
Problems Persist for Women and Minorities in Policing	326	(3)
Problems for Women	326	(2)
Problems for African-Americans and Other Minorities	328	(1)
Chapter Summary	329	(4)
Chapter 14 Technology in Policing	333	(30)
Introduction	334	(1)
Computers in Policing	334	(8)
Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD)	334	(3)
Automated Databases	337	(1)
Automated Crime Analysis	338	(1)
Computer-Aided Investigation	338	(2)
Computer-Assisted Instruction	340	(1)
Administrative Uses of Computers	340	(1)
Computer Networks/The Internet	341	(1)
Innovations in Fingerprinting	342	(3)
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems	343	(2)
Other Fingerprinting Innovations	345	(1)
Less-Than-Lethal Weapons	345	(2)
Chemical Irritant Sprays	346	(1)
The TASER and Other Stun Devices	346	(1)
Safety and Effectiveness of Less-Than-Lethal Weapons	346	(1)
Surveillance Technology	347	(1)
Surveillance Vans	348	(1)
Night Vision Devices	348	(1)
Advanced Photographic Techniques	348	(2)
Mug Shot Imaging	348	(1)
Age Progression Photographs	349	(1)
Composite Sketches	349	(1)
Modern Forensic or Criminalistic Techniques	350	(4)
The Modern Crime Lab	352	(1)
Crime Lab Accreditation	352	(1)
Some New Laboratory Criminalistic Techniques	353	(1)
DNA Profiling	354	(4)
The Blooding	355	(1)
The Castro Case	356	(1)
The Frye Test	356	(1)
The Debate Goes On	356	(2)
Videotaping	358	(1)
Robots	358	(1)
Fear of Technology by Civil Libertarians	358	(1)
Chapter Summary	359	(4)
Chapter 15 Specific Police Problems and Issues	363	(26)
Introduction	364	(1)
Police and Danger	364	(6)
Officers Killed in the Line of Duty	364	(4)
Officers Assaulted in the Line of Duty	368	(1)
Police and AIDS	369	(1)
Police Shootings: Use of Deadly Force	370	(4)
Number of Citizens Shot by the Police	370	(1)
Police Shooting Rates by City, Region, and State	370	(1)
Do Police Discriminate with Their Trigger Fingers?	370	(1)
Departure from the "Fleeing Felon" Rule	371	(3)
Police Automobile Pursuits	374	(2)
Studies Involving Police Pursuits	374	(1)
Establishment of Police Pursuit Policies	375	(1)
Police and Domestic Violence	376	(2)
Traditional Police Response to Domestic Violence	376	(1)
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment	376	(1)
Police Response to Domestic Violence Today	377	(1)
Police and Radical and Hate Groups	378	(3)
Police Civil and Criminal Liability	381	(3)
State Liability	382	(1)
Federal Liability	382	(1)
Reasons for Suing Police Officers	382	(1)
Effects of Lawsuits on Police Departments and Officers	383	(1)
Chapter Summary	384	(5)
Appendix A Sources of Employment Information in Law Enforcement	389	(4)
Appendix B The "Law Enforcement Code of Ethics" and "The Police Code of Conduct"	393	(4)
Appendix C The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, Washington, D.C.	397	(2)
Appendix D Police-Related Associations and Organizations	399	(6)
Bibliography	405	(10)
Index	415	(15)
Photo Credits	430