Introduction to Remote Sensing, Fourth Edition

by Campbell, James B.

• ISBN13: 9781593853198
• ISBN10: 159385319X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-11-01
• Publisher: The Guilford Press

Summary

This popular text introduces students to widely used forms of remote sensing imagery and their applications in plant sciences, hydrology, earth sciences, and land use analysis. Providing comprehensive coverage of principal topics in the field, the book’s 4 sections and 21 chapters are carefully designed as independent units that instructors can select from as needed for their courses. Relevant case studies and review questions that reinforce the concepts presented in each chapter make this book essential reading for students in remote sensing. Illustrations include 28 color plates and nearly 400 black-and-white images and figures.

Author Biography

James B. Campbell is Professor of Geography at Virginia Tech, where he teaches remote sensing, quantitative methods, and geomorphology. He has worked closely with students and faculty in related fields such as forestry, geology, agronomy, environmental sciences, and planning. Since 1997 he has served as co-director of Virginia Tech's Center for Environmental Analysis of Remote Sensing (CEARS).  The author of numerous technical articles and several books, Dr. Campbell received the Outstanding Service Award of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing in 1994 and its Fellow Award in 1996. In 1997 he received the Outstanding Service Medal awarded by the Remote Sensing Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers. Dr. Campbell's research has been sponsored by numerous academic, governmental, and private organizations, including NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the United States Geological Survey.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
List of Tables	xix
List of Figures	xxi
List of Plates	xxx
PART I. FOUNDATIONS
History and Scope of Remote Sensing	3	(25)
Introduction	3	(1)
Definitions	4	(3)
Milestones in the History of Remote Sensing	7	(7)
Overview of the Remote Sensing Process	14	(1)
A Specific Example	15	(3)
Key Concepts of Remote Sensing	18	(3)
Career Preparation and Professional Development	21	(7)
Review Questions	25	(1)
References	26	(2)
Electromagentic Radiation	28	(27)
Introduction	28	(1)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	28	(2)
Major Divisions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum	30	(3)
Radiation Laws	33	(2)
Interactions with the Atmosphere	35	(9)
Interactions with Surfaces	44	(5)
Summary: Three Models for Remote Sensing	49	(6)
Review Questions	51	(1)
References	52	(3)
PART II. IMAGE ACQUISITION
Photographic Sensors	55	(40)
Introduction	55	(1)
The Aerial Camera	56	(5)
Kinds of Aerial Cameras	61	(1)
Black-and-White Aerial Films	62	(9)
Color Reversal Films	71	(1)
Color Infrared Films	72	(2)
Film Format and Annotation	74	(1)
Geometry of the Vertical Aerial Photograph	74	(5)
Coverage by Multiple Photographs	79	(7)
Photogrammetry	86	(1)
Digital Photography	87	(1)
Softcopy Photogrammetry	87	(1)
Sources of Aerial Photography	87	(3)
Summary	90	(5)
Review Questions	90	(1)
References	91	(1)
Your Own Infrared Photographs	92	(1)
Your Own 3D Photographs	93	(2)
Digital Data	95	(28)
Introduction	95	(1)
Electronic Imagery	95	(6)
Spectral Sensitivity	101	(1)
Digital Data	102	(2)
Data Formats	104	(3)
Equipment for Digital Analysis	107	(7)
Image-Processing Software	114	(2)
The Internet	116	(4)
Summary	120	(3)
Review Questions	121	(1)
References	122	(1)
Image Interpretation	123	(37)
Introduction	123	(1)
The Context for Image Interpretation	124	(1)
Image Interpretation Tasks	125	(1)
Elements of Image Interpretation	126	(5)
Image Interpretation Strategies	131	(2)
Collateral Information	133	(1)
Imagery Interpretability Rating Scales	133	(1)
Image Interpretation Keys	133	(1)
Interpretive Overlays	134	(1)
Photomorphic Regions	135	(1)
Significance of Context	136	(2)
Image Interpretation Equipment	138	(8)
Use of the Pocket Stereoscope	146	(3)
Image Scale Calculations	149	(3)
Interpretation of Digital Imagery	152	(4)
Summary	156	(4)
Review Questions	157	(1)
References	158	(2)
Land Observation Satellites	160	(44)
Satellite Remote Sensing	160	(1)
Landsat Origins	160	(2)
Satellite Orbits	162	(2)
The Landsat System	164	(5)
Multispectral Scanner Subsystem Images	169	(5)
Landsat Thematic Mapper	174	(5)
Administration of the Landsat Program	179	(1)
Current Satellite Systems	179	(13)
Computer Searches	192	(2)
Summary	194	(10)
Review Questions	195	(1)
References	196	(1)
Corona	197	(7)
Active Microwave	204	(35)
Introduction	204	(1)
Active Microwave	204	(4)
Geometry of the Radar Image	208	(3)
Wavelength	211	(2)
Penetration of the Radar Signal	213	(1)
Polarization	213	(2)
Look Direction and Look Angle	215	(1)
Real Aperture Systems	216	(3)
Synthetic Aperture Systems	219	(1)
Interpreting Brightness Values	220	(4)
Satellite Imaging Radars	224	(10)
Radar Interferometry	234	(3)
Summary	237	(2)
Review Questions	237	(1)
References	238	(1)
Lidar	239	(13)
Introduction	239	(1)
Profiling Lasers	240	(1)
Imaging Lidars	241	(1)
Lidar Imagery	242	(1)
Types of Imaging Lidars	243	(1)
Processing Lidar Image Data	244	(4)
Summary	248	(4)
Review Questions	249	(1)
References	250	(2)
Thermal Radiation	252	(27)
Introduction	252	(1)
Thermal Detectors	253	(2)
Thermal Radiometry	255	(3)
Microwave Radiometers	258	(1)
Thermal Scanners	259	(1)
Thermal Properties of Objects	260	(3)
Geometry of Thermal Images	263	(1)
The Thermal Image and Its Interpretation	264	(8)
Heat Capacity Mapping Mission	272	(2)
Landsat Multispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper Thermal Data	274	(1)
Summary	275	(4)
Review Questions	276	(1)
References	277	(2)
Image Resolution	279	(18)
Introduction and Definitions	279	(1)
Target Variables	280	(1)
System Variables	281	(1)
Operating Conditions	281	(1)
Measurement of Resolution	282	(2)
Mixed Pixels	284	(4)
Spatial and Radiometric Resolution: Simple Examples	288	(1)
Interactions with the Landscape	289	(2)
Summary	291	(6)
Review Questions	292	(1)
References	293	(4)
PART III. ANALYSIS
Preprocessing	297	(27)
Introduction	297	(1)
Feature Extraction	297	(3)
Subsets	300	(2)
Radiometric Preprocessing	302	(7)
Image Matching	309	(1)
Geometric Correction by Resampling	310	(5)
Map Projections for Representing Satellite Images and Ground Tracks	315	(2)
Effects of Preprocessing	317	(1)
Data Fusion	318	(2)
Summary	320	(4)
Review Questions	320	(1)
References	321	(3)
Image Classification	324	(43)
Introduction	324	(2)
Informational Classes and Spectral Classes	326	(2)
Unsupervised Classification	328	(10)
Supervised Classification	338	(15)
Ancillary Data	353	(3)
Fuzzy Clustering	356	(1)
Artificial Neural Networks	357	(2)
Contextual Classification	359	(1)
Object-Oriented Classification	360	(1)
Iterative Guided Spectral Class Rejection	361	(1)
Summary	362	(5)
Review Questions	362	(1)
References	363	(4)
Field Data	367	(25)
Introduction	367	(1)
Kinds of Field Data	367	(1)
Nominal Data	368	(1)
Documentation of Nominal Data	369	(1)
Biophysical Data	369	(2)
Field Radiometry	371	(3)
Aerial Data Collection	374	(4)
Locational Information	378	(4)
Using Locational Information	382	(1)
Ground Photography	382	(1)
Geographic Sampling	383	(5)
Summary	388	(4)
Review Questions	388	(1)
References	389	(3)
Accuracy Assessment	392	(21)
Definition and Significance	392	(2)
Sources of Classification Error	394	(1)
Error Characteristics	395	(1)
Measurement of Map Accuracy	395	(8)
Interpretation of the Error Matrix	403	(6)
Summary	409	(4)
Review Questions	409	(1)
References	410	(3)
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing	413	(14)
Introduction	413	(1)
Spectroscopy	413	(1)
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing	414	(1)
The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer	414	(2)
The Image Cube	416	(1)
Spectral Libraries	416	(1)
Spectral Matching	417	(1)
Spectral Mixing Analysis	418	(3)
Spectral Angle Mapping	421	(1)
Analyses	421	(1)
Summary	422	(5)
Review Questions	422	(2)
References	424	(3)
PART IV. APPLICATIONS
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems	427	(20)
Introduction	427	(2)
GIS Software	429	(3)
Basic Data Structures	432	(4)
Relationships between Remotely Sensed Data and GIS	436	(1)
Contributions of GIS to Remote Sensing	437	(1)
Contributions of Remote Sensing to GIS	438	(3)
National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis	441	(1)
Mobile GIS	442	(1)
Web-Based GIS	443	(1)
Summary	443	(4)
Review Questions	444	(1)
References	445	(2)
Plant Sciences	447	(46)
Introduction	447	(4)
Structure of the Leaf	451	(2)
Spectral Behavior of the Living Leaf	453	(4)
Forestry	457	(5)
Agriculture	462	(3)
Vegetation Indices	465	(2)
Applications of Vegetation Indices	467	(1)
Phenology	467	(2)
Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer	469	(3)
Broad-Scale Phenological Survey	472	(2)
Separating Soil Reflectance from Vegetation Reflectance	474	(2)
Tasseled Cap Transformation	476	(2)
Foliar Chemistry	478	(2)
Lidar Data for Forest Inventory and Structure	480	(1)
Precision Agriculture	481	(1)
Remote Sensing for Plant Pathology	482	(4)
Summary	486	(7)
Review Questions	486	(1)
References	487	(6)
Earth Sciences	493	(32)
Introduction	493	(1)
Photogeology	494	(3)
Drainage Patterns	497	(2)
Lineaments	499	(5)
Geobotany	504	(3)
Direct Multispectral Observation of Rocks and Minerals	507	(1)
Photoclinometry	508	(3)
Band Ratios	511	(2)
Soil and Landscape Mapping	513	(4)
Integrated Terrain Units	517	(1)
Wetlands Inventory	518	(1)
Radar Imagery for Exploration	518	(1)
Summary	519	(6)
Review Questions	520	(1)
References	521	(4)
Hydrospheric Sciences	525	(34)
Introduction	525	(1)
Spectral Characteristics of Water Bodies	526	(3)
Spectral Changes as Water Depth Increases	529	(1)
Location and Extent of Water Bodies	530	(2)
Roughness of the Water Surface	532	(2)
Bathymetry	534	(6)
Landsat Chromaticity Diagram	540	(3)
Drainage Basin Hydrology	543	(2)
Evapotranspiration	545	(2)
Manual Interpretation	547	(6)
Sea Surface Temperature	553	(1)
The Marine Food Chain	554	(1)
Summary	554	(5)
Review Questions	555	(1)
References	555	(4)
Land Use and Land Cover	559	(28)
Introduction	559	(1)
Aerial Imagery for Land-Use Information	560	(1)
Land-Use Classification	561	(1)
Visual Interpretation of Land Use and Land Cover	562	(8)
Land-Use Change by Visual Interpretation	570	(1)
Historical Land-Cover Interpretation for Environmental Analysis	571	(2)
Other Land-Use Classification Systems	573	(2)
Land-Cover Mapping by Image Classification	575	(2)
Digital Compilation of Land-Use Change	577	(2)
Broad-Scale Land-Cover Studies	579	(1)
Sources of Compiled Land-Use Data	580	(1)
Summary	581	(6)
Review Questions	584	(1)
References	584	(3)
Global Remote Sensing	587	(21)
Introduction	587	(1)
Biogeochemical Cycles	587	(6)
Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer	593	(1)
Earth Observing System	594	(1)
Earth Observing System Instruments	595	(6)
Earth Observing System Bus	601	(1)
Earth Observing System Data and Information System	602	(1)
Long-Term Environmental Research Sites	603	(1)
Earth Explorer	604	(1)
Summary	605	(3)
Review Questions	605	(1)
References	606	(2)
Conclusion: The Outlook for the Field of Remote Sensing	608	(3)
Index	611	(15)
About the Author	626