Introduction to Scientific Psychology

by Schlinger, Henry D., Jr.; Poling, Alan

• ISBN13: 9780306457289
• ISBN10: 0306457288
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-06-01
• Publisher: Plenum Pub Corp

Summary

This unique introductory textbook, the first to address psychology as a rigorous natural science, applies to the study of human behavior the same scientific standards taken for granted in other natural sciences. The result is a scientific psychology that studies the evolutionary, physiological, and environmental variables determining behavior. The authors discuss the relationship between science and psychology and examine issues traditionally important to psychologists, showing how these matters are often better understood by a natural science approach. Special features include; an outline and a summary for each chapter detailed learning objectives bold type for important terms italicized definitions, and a glossary.£/LIST£

Table of Contents

I. Scientific Psychology	1	(68)
1. Historical Origins	3	(20)
Early Philosophical Origins	4	(2)
Animism	4	(1)
Aristotle's Souls	4	(1)
Descartes's Philosophy of Mind	5	(1)
Cartesian Dualism	6	(1)
Early Scientific Influences	6	(2)
Copernicus's Heliocentric View	6	(1)
The Discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and Newton	7	(1)
The Practice of Science	8	(1)
Later Scientific Influences	8	(5)
Darwin's Theory of Evolution	9	(1)
Species Continuity and Human Uniqueness	10	(1)
Animal Research and Comparative Psychology	10	(2)
Lloyd Morgan and His Canon	12	(1)
Natural Selection and Scientific Explanations of Behavior	12	(1)
The Beginnings of Scientific Psychology	13	(6)
Pavlov and Classical Conditioning	13	(1)
The Importance of Pavlov's Work	14	(1)
Thorndike's Law of Effect	14	(2)
The Importance of Thorndike's Work	16	(1)
Watson and the Beginning of Behaviorism	16	(1)
Skinner and Operant Conditioning	17	(2)
Summary	19	(1)
Study Questions	20	(3)
2. Science and Psychology	23	(22)
What Is Science?	24	(5)
Characteristics of Scientific Behavior	24	(5)
Characteristics of Established Sciences	29	(1)
Psychological Theories	29	(5)
Theories Based on Analogy	30	(1)
Criteria for Evaluating Theories	31	(3)
Explanation in Science	34	(7)
Explanation and Prediction	35	(2)
Inadequate Explanations of Behavior	37	(2)
Adequate Explanations of Behavior	39	(2)
Summary	41	(1)
Study Questions	42	(3)
3. Research Methods	45	(24)
What Is Research?	46	(2)
Experimentation	48	(6)
Functional Relationships	49	(1)
Steps in Experimentation	49	(5)
Important Features of Research Findings	54	(7)
An Example of Experimental Research: Facilitated Communication	55	(5)
Further Reports of Facilitated Communication	60	(1)
Nonexperimental Methods	61	(5)
Correlational Studies	61	(2)
Observational Studies	63	(1)
Archival Studies	63	(2)
Surveys	65	(1)
Summary	66	(1)
Study Questions	67	(2)
II. Behavioral Causation	69	(112)
4. Phylogeny: Evolution and Behavior	71	(26)
The Study of Individual Differences	72	(3)
Francis Galton	72	(1)
Eugenics	73	(1)
The Nature-Nurture Question	74	(1)
Pre-Darwinian Evolutionary Theories: Lamarck's Theory of Evolution	75	(6)
Natural Selection, Inheritance, and Genes	76	(1)
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection	77	(1)
Mendel's Principles of Inheritance	77	(2)
DNA: The Essence of Life	79	(2)
Genes	81	(1)
Evolution in Action: The British Peppered Moth	81	(2)
Evolution and Behavior	83	(4)
Species-Specific Behavior	83	(1)
Inherited Behavior	84	(3)
Behavior Genetics	87	(3)
Crossing Experiments	87	(1)
Selection Experiments	88	(1)
Studies of Family Resemblance	88	(2)
Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology	90	(3)
Sociobiology	90	(2)
Are We Like Weaverbirds?	92	(1)
Summary	93	(1)
Study Questions	94	(3)
5. Ontogeny: Classical Conditioning	97	(20)
What Is Learning?	98	(1)
Pavlov's Discovery of Conditional Reflexes	98	(2)
Differences between Unconditional and Conditional Reflexes	100	(1)
Variables that Influence Unconditional Reflexes	101	(1)
The Conditioning of Reflexes	102	(3)
The Essence of Classical Conditioning: Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing	103	(1)
Higher-Order Conditioning	104	(1)
Quantifying Respondent Behaviors	104	(1)
Variables that Influence Conditional Reflexes	105	(3)
Temporal Relations between Stimuli	105	(2)
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery	107	(1)
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination	108	(1)
The Importance of Classical Conditioning	108	(5)
Conditioned Taste Aversions	109	(1)
Conditioned Immune and Allergic Responses	110	(1)
Conditioned Sexual Arousal	111	(1)
Conditioned Tolerance to Drugs	112	(1)
Explanation of Conditional Reflexes	113	(1)
Summary	114	(1)
Study Questions	115	(2)
6. Ontogeny: Operant Conditioning	117	(28)
An Example of Operant Conditioning	118	(1)
Reinforcement	119	(10)
Positive and Negative Reinforcement	119	(2)
Conditioned and Unconditioned Reinforcers	121	(1)
Delayed Reinforcement	122	(1)
Superstitious Reinforcement	122	(1)
The Opportunity to Behave as a Reinforcer	122	(1)
Examples of Reinforcement	123	(3)
Motivational Variables	126	(1)
Intermittent Reinforcement	127	(2)
Reducing Behavior through Operant Extinction	129	(2)
Discriminative Stimuli and Stimulus Control	131	(3)
Developing New Behavior	134	(4)
Shaping	134	(3)
Chaining	137	(1)
Reducing Behavior through Punishment: Punishment Procedures Used in Applied Settings	138	(2)
Explaining Operant Behavior	140	(1)
The Importance of Operant Conditioning	141	(1)
Summary	142	(1)
Study Questions	143	(2)
7. Neurophysiology and Behavior	145	(36)
A Brief History of Inquiry into the Brain	146	(1)
Two Functions of the Nervous System	147	(1)
Structure of the Nervous System: Structural Divisions of the Nervous System	148	(2)
Neurons	150	(7)
The Nerve Impulse	151	(1)
Synaptic Transmission	152	(1)
An Example of Neuronal Communication	153	(2)
Drugs and Neurotransmission	155	(2)
Sensation	157	(5)
Exteroceptive and Interoceptive Stimuli	157	(1)
Vision	158	(2)
Audition	160	(2)
Other Sensory Systems	162	(1)
Movement	162	(3)
Muscles	163	(1)
Glands	163	(2)
Sensation and Perception	165	(1)
The Central Nervous System	165	(9)
The Spinal Cord	165	(2)
The Brain	167	(1)
The Hypothalamus	167	(1)
The Limbic System	168	(1)
The Cerebrum	168	(1)
Cerebral Structure and Function	169	(2)
Hemispheric Specialization	171	(3)
Neuroscience and Learning	174	(4)
The Neurophysiology of Habituation and Classical Conditioning	174	(2)
The Neurophysiology of Reinforcement	176	(1)
Operant Conditioning of Individual Neurons	177	(1)
Summary	178	(1)
Study Questions	179	(2)
III. Applications of Scientific Psychology	181	(168)
8. Language	183	(26)
Is Human Language Unique?	184	(2)
Theories of Language	186	(5)
Chomsky's Structural Theory of Language	186	(1)
Chomsky's View of Language Development	187	(1)
Evaluation of Chomsky's Theory	187	(2)
A Functional Analysis of Language	189	(1)
The Meaning of Verbal Behavior	190	(1)
Multiple Causation	190	(1)
The Development of Speech	191	(4)
Vocal Babbling	191	(1)
Automatic Reinforcement	191	(3)
Single Word Utterances	194	(1)
Multiword Combinations	194	(1)
The Role of the Environment in the Development of Verbal Behavior	195	(1)
The Physiology of Speech	195	(3)
The Vocal Apparatus	196	(1)
The Brain	197	(1)
The Relationship between Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior	198	(3)
Attitudes and Behavior	199	(1)
The Correspondence between Saying and Doing	200	(1)
The Importance of Verbal Behavior	201	(4)
Instructions and Rules	201	(1)
Rules and the Function of Stimuli	202	(2)
Self-Generated Rules	204	(1)
Advantages of Learning as a Function of Rules	204	(1)
Summary	205	(2)
Study Questions	207	(2)
9. Cognition	209	(28)
Cognitive versus Behavioral Approaches to Psychology	210	(2)
Cognitive Psychology, Computers, and the Information-Processing Metaphor	212	(2)
Memory	214	(9)
Some Memory Phenomena	215	(2)
A Cognitive Theory of Memory	217	(1)
The Information-Processing Model	217	(4)
Evaluation of the Information-Processing Model	221	(1)
Memory: A Natural Science Perspective	221	(2)
Imagery	223	(3)
Consciousness	226	(6)
Consciousness and Verbal Behavior	227	(2)
Self-Awareness	229	(1)
Awareness of Private Events	230	(1)
The Role of Consciousness in Learning	231	(1)
Conclusion	232	(1)
Summary	233	(1)
Study Questions	234	(3)
10. Human Evolutionary and Prenatal Development	237	(22)
Human Evolutionary (Phylogenetic) Development	238	(6)
The Evolution of Life on Earth	238	(2)
The Evolution of Primates	240	(3)
Hominid Evolutionary Development	243	(1)
The Concept of Development	244	(2)
The Beginning of Ontogenetic Development	246	(5)
Prenatal Development	246	(1)
Effects of the External Environment on Prenatal Development	247	(2)
Inherited Abnormalities	249	(2)
Birth and Postnatal Development	251	(5)
Infant Reflexes	252	(2)
Neurological Development	254	(2)
Summary	256	(1)
Study Questions	257	(2)
11. Development through Early Childhood	259	(26)
The Development of Motor Behavior	260	(4)
Locomotion	261	(2)
Prehension	263	(1)
The Development of Visual Perceptual Behavior	264	(3)
Basic Visual Abilities of Infants	265	(1)
Perception of Depth	266	(1)
The Development of Cognitive Behavior	267	(6)
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	268	(1)
Cognitive Structures and Processes	268	(3)
Periods of Cognitive Development	271	(1)
Evaluation of Piaget's Theory	271	(2)
The Development of Social-Emotional Behavior	273	(8)
The Development of Attachment Behaviors	274	(1)
Theories of Attachment	275	(2)
Imprinting and Sensitive Periods	279	(2)
Summary	281	(1)
Study Questions	282	(3)
12. Individual Differences: Intelligence, Personality, and Social Behavior	285	(28)
Intelligence	286	(3)
Personality	289	(1)
Freud and Psychoanalysis	290	(1)
Reactions to Freud: Adler and Jung	291	(3)
Adler and Individual Psychology	292	(1)
Jung and Analytical Psychology	292	(2)
Rogers and Phenomenological Psychology	294	(13)
Bandura and Social Learning Theory	295	(1)
Assessing Personality	296	(4)
Social Behavior	300	(2)
Conformity	302	(1)
Compliance	303	(1)
Obedience	304	(3)
The Appeal and Peril of Nominal Psychologies	307	(3)
Summary	310	(1)
Study Questions	311	(2)
13. Troublesome Behavior	313	(36)
What Is Mental Illness?	315	(4)
Schizophrenia	319	(3)
Diagnosis and Etiology of Schizophrenia	319	(2)
Treatment of Schizophrenia	321	(1)
Mood Disorders	322	(5)
Diagnosis and Etiology of Mood Disorders	322	(3)
Treatment of Depression	325	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	327	(3)
Diagnosis and Etiology of Anxiety Disorders	327	(2)
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders	329	(1)
Drug Abuse	330	(12)
Etiology of Drug Use	332	(6)
Treatment of Drug Abuse	338	(4)
Mental Retardation	342	(2)
Conclusion	344	(1)
Summary	345	(1)
Study Questions	346	(3)
Glossary	349	(20)
References	369	(16)
Index	385