Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare

by Zastrow, Charles

• ISBN13: 9780534338527
• ISBN10: 0534338526
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-08-08
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

This book is designed to stimulate student interest in social work and to provide an experiential 'flavor' of what the fields of social welfare and social work are really like.

Author Biography

Charles Zastrow, MSW and PhD, is Professor in the Social Work Department, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

Table of Contents

Introduction: Social Welfare and Social Work	p. 1
Social Welfare: Its Business, History, and Future	p. 3
Goal of Social Welfare	p. 4
Social Welfare as an Institution and as a Discipline	p. 5
Social Welfare's Relationship to Sociology and to Other Academic Disciplines	p. 6
Social Welfare's Relationship to Social Work	p. 7
Social Welfare's Relationship to Other Institutions	p. 10
Social Welfare's Relationship to Human Services	p. 10
Residual View versus Institutional View of Social Welfare	p. 11
Liberalism versus Conservatism	p. 12
Developmental View of Social Welfare	p. 14
History of Social Welfare	p. 16
Early European History	p. 16
The Elizabethan Poor Law	p. 16
The Industrial Revolution	p. 17
Turn of the 20th Century	p. 18
The Great Depression and the Social Security Act	p. 18
The Great Society and War on Poverty	p. 20
Conservatism in the 1970s and 1980s	p. 22
A Move Toward Liberalism--and Back--in the 1990s	p. 23
The Devolution Revolution	p. 23
Where Do We Stand Today?	p. 24
The Future	p. 25
Dramatic Changes Foreseen in the American Family	p. 26
Biomedical Technology	p. 26
New Family Forms	p. 34
Concluding Comments	p. 40
Social Work as a Profession and a Career	p. 44
A Multiskilled Profession	p. 48
A Problem-Solving Approach	p. 48
Generalist Social Work Practice	p. 49
Micro-, Mezzo-, and Macropractice	p. 49
Social Casework	p. 49
Case Management	p. 49
Group Work	p. 53
Group Therapy	p. 53
Family Therapy	p. 54
Community Organization	p. 54
Administration	p. 54
A Medical versus a Systems Model of Human Behavior	p. 55
An Ecological Model of Human Behavior	p. 56
Goals of Social Work Practice	p. 58
Enhance the Problem-Solving, Coping, and Developmental Capacities of People	p. 58
Link People with Systems That Provide Them with Resources, Services, and Opportunities	p. 58
Promote the Effectiveness and Humane Operation of Systems That Provide People with Resources and Services	p. 58
Develop and Improve Social Policy	p. 58
Empower Groups at Risk and Promote Social and Economic Justice	p. 59
Develop and Test Professional Knowledge and Skills in Social Work	p. 59
The Strengths Perspective	p. 60
Social Work Stereotypes	p. 61
Employment Settings and Opportunities in Social Work	p. 61
Private Practice of Social Work	p. 63
International Social Work	p. 63
Self-Awareness and Identity Development	p. 64
Identity Formation	p. 64
Questions for Arriving at a Sense of Identity	p. 66
Generalist Social Work Practice	p. 69
The Change Process	p. 71
Defining Issues	p. 71
Collecting and Assessing Data	p. 72
Planning and Contracting	p. 72
Identifying Alternative Interventions	p. 72
Selecting and Implementing Appropriate Courses of Action	p. 73
Using Appropriate Research to Monitor and Evaluate Outcomes	p. 73
Applying Appropriate Research-Based Knowledge and Technological Advances	p. 73
Termination	p. 74
A Variety of Roles	p. 74
Social Work with Individuals	p. 76
Social Work with Families	p. 77
Family Problems	p. 77
Satir's Family Therapy Approach	p. 78
Social Work with Groups	p. 80
Social Work with Organizations	p. 89
Social Work with the Community	p. 94
A Brief History of Community Practice	p. 95
Models of Community Practice	p. 95
Knowledge, Skills, and Values for Social Work Practice	p. 100
Knowledge Base	p. 100
Skill Base	p. 104
Value Base	p. 107
Social Work Education	p. 118
Two-Year Associate Programs	p. 118
Undergraduate Education	p. 118
Graduate Education	p. 119
Social Problems and Social Services	p. 125
Poverty and Public Welfare	p. 127
The Problem	p. 128
A Brief History of Our Response to the Poor	p. 128
The Rich and the Poor	p. 132
Defining Poverty Is a Policy Problem	p. 133
Who Are the Poor?	p. 136
Causes of Poverty	p. 138
The Culture of Poverty	p. 138
Functions of Poverty	p. 140
Social Insurance Programs	p. 141
Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI)	p. 141
Medicare	p. 141
Unemployment Insurance	p. 142
Workers' Compensation Insurance	p. 142
Public Assistance Programs	p. 142
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)	p. 144
General Assistance	p. 144
Medicaid	p. 144
Food Stamps	p. 145
Housing Assistance	p. 145
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)	p. 145
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act	p. 148
Proposed Welfare Alternatives	p. 152
Offer Family Allowances	p. 152
Guarantee a Basic Annual Income	p. 152
Eliminate or Reduce the Causes of Poverty	p. 153
Social Work and Public Welfare	p. 154
Working with Discouraged People	p. 155
The Future	p. 156
Emotional/Behavioral Problems and Counseling	p. 160
A Perspective on Emotional and Behavioral Problems	p. 161
Nature and Extent of Emotional and Behavioral Problems	p. 164
What Is Mental Illness?	p. 164
Medical Model	p. 164
Interactional Model	p. 167
Labeling as the Cause of Chronic "Mental Illness"	p. 172
Other Issues	p. 174
The Homeless	p. 174
Civil Rights	p. 175
Plea of Innocent by Reason of Insanity	p. 176
Use of Psychotropic Drugs	p. 177
Managed Mental Health Care	p. 177
Social Structure and Mental Illness	p. 179
Treatment	p. 180
Brief History	p. 180
Current Trends	p. 182
Treatment Facilities: Community Mental Health Centers	p. 182
Social Work and Mental Health	p. 183
Counseling	p. 184
How to Counsel	p. 185
Comprehensive and Specialized Counseling Approaches	p. 189
Family Problems and Services to Families	p. 198
Diverse Family Forms	p. 199
The American Family: Past and Present	p. 200
The Family in Preindustrial Society	p. 200
The Family in Industrial Society	p. 201
Problems in the Family	p. 203
Divorce	p. 203
Empty-Shell Marriages	p. 209
Violence in Families	p. 211
Births Outside of Marriage	p. 226
Sexual Orientation, Sex Variances, and Sex Counseling	p. 236
Sex in History and in Other Cultures	p. 237
Formal Study of Sex	p. 241
Sigmund Freud	p. 241
Alfred Kinsey	p. 242
William Masters and Virginia Johnson	p. 243
Variances Rather Than Sexual Problems	p. 243
Types of Sexual Variances	p. 244
Tolerated Sex Variance	p. 244
Structural Sex Variance: Homosexuality	p. 245
Asocial Sex Variance	p. 253
Personal Sexual Concerns	p. 263
Sex Counseling and Sex Therapy	p. 263
Drug Abuse and Drug Treatment Programs	p. 269
Drugs and Drug Abuse	p. 270
A Brief History of Our Drug-Taking Society	p. 271
Sociological Theories of Drug Abuse	p. 272
Anomie Theory	p. 272
Labeling Theory	p. 273
Differential Association	p. 274
Drug Subcultures	p. 274
Facts About and Effects of Commonly Used Drugs	p. 275
Depressants	p. 275
Stimulants	p. 286
Narcotics	p. 289
Hallucinogens	p. 292
Tobacco	p. 293
Marijuana	p. 294
Anabolic Steroids	p. 295
Rehabilitation Programs	p. 295
Alcohol Treatment Programs	p. 295
Other Drug Treatment Programs	p. 300
Understanding and Treating Codependency	p. 302
Suggestions for Curbing Drug Abuse in the Future	p. 302
Educational Programs	p. 303
Prevention of Illegal Drug Trafficking Across Borders	p. 304
Employee Drug-Testing Programs	p. 304
Stricter Laws and Enforcement	p. 305
Decriminalization of Drug Use	p. 305
The British Approach	p. 306
Crime, Juvenile Delinquency, and Correctional Services	p. 310
Nature and Extent of Crime	p. 311
What Is Crime?	p. 311
How Extensive Is Crime?	p. 311
Who Is Arrested?	p. 313
How Accurate Are Official Crime Statistics?	p. 314
Crime Causation Theories	p. 315
Early Theories	p. 316
Physical and Mental Trait Theories	p. 317
Psychological Theories	p. 317
Sociological Theories	p. 319
Usefulness of Theories	p. 323
Types of Crime	p. 323
Organized Crime	p. 323
White-Collar Crime	p. 325
Victimless Crimes	p. 328
Sex Offenses	p. 329
Homicide and Assault	p. 329
Theft	p. 330
Juvenile Delinquency	p. 332
The Criminal Justice System	p. 333
The Police	p. 334
The Courts	p. 335
Correctional Systems	p. 337
How to Reduce Crime and Delinquency	p. 342
Increasing or Decreasing Sentences	p. 342
Reforming the Correctional System	p. 345
Preventing Crime	p. 347
Social Work and the Criminal Justice System	p. 347
Role of Social Work	p. 347
Factors Influencing Treatment	p. 349
Problems in Education and School Social Work	p. 356
Problematic Areas in Education	p. 357
The Question of Quality	p. 357
Equal Access to Quality Education	p. 359
Confusion About the Goals of Education	p. 362
Intolerable Working Conditions for Some Teachers	p. 363
Strategies to Improve Education	p. 364
Increase Incentives for Teachers	p. 365
Improve the Curriculum	p. 365
Allow Parental Choice of Schools	p. 368
Extend the School Year	p. 368
Toward Equal Educational Opportunity	p. 369
Reform of School Financing	p. 369
Compensatory Education	p. 370
Effective Integration	p. 371
School Social Workers: A Response to Crisis	p. 372
The Nature of Behavior	p. 372
Traditional School Social Work Roles	p. 373
Newer Social Work Roles	p. 376
Work-Related Problems and Social Work in the Workplace	p. 385
A Brief History of Work	p. 386
Trends in the American Work Force	p. 387
Increase in White-Collar Workers	p. 388
Emergence of an Employee Society	p. 388
Specialization	p. 388
Changes in the Sex and Age of the Labor Force	p. 390
Emphasis on Intrinsic Rewards	p. 390
Emphasis on High Technology	p. 390
The Growth of Low-Paying Jobs	p. 391
Problems in the Work Setting	p. 392
Alienation	p. 392
Unemployment	p. 398
Occupational Health Hazards	p. 404
Social Work in the Workplace	p. 406
A Brief History	p. 407
The Present Status of Social Work in the Workplace	p. 408
Employee Assistance Programs	p. 409
Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice	p. 414
Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism	p. 415
Race and Racism	p. 415
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Oppression	p. 416
Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes	p. 417
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination	p. 418
Race as a Social Concept	p. 418
Institutional Racism and Institutional Discrimination	p. 419
Causes of Racial Discrimination and Oppression	p. 421
The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression	p. 423
Background of Racial Groups	p. 424
African Americans	p. 425
Latinos	p. 429
Native Americans	p. 432
Asian Americans	p. 434
Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice	p. 435
Mass Media Appeals	p. 435
Greater Interaction Among the Races	p. 435
Civil Rights Laws	p. 436
Activism	p. 436
School Busing	p. 436
Affirmative Action Programs	p. 438
Confrontation of Racist and Ethnic Remarks and Actions	p. 440
Minority-Owned Businesses	p. 440
Confrontation of the Problems in Inner Cities	p. 440
Grassroots Organizations	p. 442
Ethnic-Sensitive Social Work Practice	p. 442
Empowerment	p. 444
Strengths Perspective	p. 445
The Future of American Race and Ethnic
Relations	p. 447
Sexism and Efforts for Achieving Equality	p. 452
History of Sex Roles and Sexism	p. 453
Sexual Harassment	p. 458
Traditional Sex-Role Expectations	p. 460
Is There a Biological Basis for Sexism?	p. 461
Sex-Role Socialization	p. 462
Consequences of Sexism	p. 465
Effects on Occupation and Income	p. 466
Effects on Human Interactions	p. 467
Recent Developments and a Look to the Future	p. 470
Sexism and Social Work	p. 472
Social Work's Response to Women's Issues	p. 473
The Feminist Perspective on Therapy	p. 474
Future Directions of the Women's Movement	p. 480
Aging and Gerontological Services	p. 485
A "Recently Discovered" Minority Group	p. 486
Definitions of Later Adulthood	p. 488
An Increasing Elderly Population	p. 490
The "Old Old"--The Fastest-Growing Age Group	p. 490
Problems Faced by the Elderly	p. 491
Low Status	p. 491
Early Retirement	p. 495
Societal Emphasis on Youth	p. 497
Health Problems and Costs of Health Care	p. 498
Financial Problems	p. 498
Loss of Family and Friends	p. 499
Substandard Housing	p. 502
Transportation	p. 503
Crime Victimization	p. 503
Sexuality in Later Adulthood	p. 503
Malnutrition	p. 504
Depression and Other Emotional Problems	p. 504
Death	p. 505
Parent Abuse	p. 508
Current Services	p. 509
Older Americans Act of 1965	p. 510
Nursing Homes	p. 510
Social Work and the Elderly	p. 512
The Emergence of the Elderly as a Powerful Political Force	p. 513
Development of Social Roles for the Elderly	p. 514
Preparation for Later Adulthood	p. 515
Health Problems and Medical Social Services	p. 519
Physical Illnesses and the Health-Care System	p. 520
Problems in Health Care	p. 521
Service Orientation versus Profit Orientation	p. 521
Emphasis on Treatment Rather Than on Prevention	p. 522
Unequal Access to Health Services	p. 526
Low-Quality Health Care for the Elderly	p. 526
AIDS	p. 528
Unnecessary or Harmful Care	p. 534
Controversy over the Use of Life-Sustaining Equipment	p. 535
The High Cost of Medical Care	p. 536
Financing Medical Care	p. 537
Medicaid	p. 537
Medicare	p. 538
Private Insurance	p. 538
Improving the Current System	p. 539
Holding Down Costs	p. 539
Preventative Medicine and Managed Care	p. 539
Additional Health-Care Proposals	p. 541
Establishing a National Health Insurance Program in the United States	p. 541
Medical Social Work	p. 543
Counseling the Terminally Ill	p. 547
Physical and Mental Disabilities and Rehabilitation	p. 553
History of Rehabilitation Practices	p. 554
Developmental Disabilities	p. 557
Autism	p. 557
Cognitive Disability	p. 558
Society's Reactions to Disabilities	p. 562
Current Services	p. 563
Rehabilitation Centers	p. 563
Educational Programs	p. 564
Residential Programs	p. 564
Home Services	p. 565
Federal and State Assistance Programs	p. 565
Roles of Social Workers	p. 566
Counseling Clients	p. 567
Counseling Families	p. 567
Taking Social Histories	p. 567
Serving as Case Manager	p. 567
Serving as Liaison Between the Family and the Agency	p. 567
Being a Broker	p. 571
Doing Discharge Planning	p. 571
Reactions to Having a Disability	p. 571
The Grieving Process	p. 571
Facilitating the Grieving Process	p. 576
Overpopulation, Misuse of the Environment, and Family Planning	p. 580
The Population Crisis	p. 581
Doubling Time and Population Growth	p. 581
Doubling Time and Developing Countries	p. 581
An Optimal Population Size	p. 583
Problems of Overpopulation	p. 584
The Theory of Demographic Transition	p. 589
Problem Attitudes and Values	p. 590
Two Countries with Severe Population Problems	p. 590
Environmental Problems	p. 593
Despoilment of the Land	p. 593
Waste Disposal	p. 595
Air Pollution	p. 595
Radioactive Leaks from Nuclear Power Plants	p. 597
Nuclear War	p. 597
Water Pollution	p. 599
Acid Rain	p. 599
General Pollutants	p. 599
What Needs to Be Done	p. 600
Confronting Overpopulation	p. 601
The Abortion Controversy	p. 602
Providing Family Planning Services	p. 606
Confronting Environmental Problems	p. 609
Social Work and Family Planning	p. 611
Your Future in Combating Human Problems	p. 614
Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers	p. 618
Photo Credits	p. 635
Index	p. 636
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