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| Preface | |
| Acknowledgements | |
| Introduction | |
| Knowledge of Language | |
| Variation | |
| Language and Society | |
| Sociolinguistics and the Sociology of Language | |
| Methodological Concerns | |
| Overview | |
| Further Reading | |
| Languages and Communities | |
| Languages, Dialects, and Varieties | |
| Language or Dialect? | |
| Standardization | |
| Regional Dialects | |
| Social Dialects | |
| Styles, Registers, and Beliefs | |
| Further Reading | |
| Pidgins and Creoles | |
| Lingua Francas | |
| Definitions | |
| Distribution and Characteristics | |
| Origins | |
| From Pidgin to Creole and Beyond | |
| Further Reading | |
| Codes | |
| Diglossia | |
| Bilingualism and Multilingualism | |
| Code-Switching | |
| Accommodation | |
| Further Reading | |
| Speech Communities | |
| Definitions | |
| Intersecting Communities | |
| Networks and Repertoires | |
| Further Reading | |
| Inherent Variety | |
| Language Variation | |
| Regional Variation | |
| The Linguistic Variable | |
| Social Variation | |
| Data Collection and Analysis | |
| Further Reading | |
| Some Findings and Issues | |
| An Early Study | |
| New York City | |
| Norwich and Reading | |
| A Variety of Studies | |
| Belfast | |
| Controversies | |
| Further Reading | |
| Change | |
| The Traditional View | |
| Some Changes in Progress | |
| The Process of Change | |
| Further Reading | |
| Words at Work | |
| Words and Culture | |
| Whorf | |
| Kinship | |
| Taxonomies | |
| Color | |
| Prototypes | |
| Taboo and Euphemism | |
| Further Reading | |
| Ethnographies | |
| Varieties of Talk | |
| The Ethnography of Speaking | |
| Ethnomethodology | |
| Further Reading | |
| Solidarity and Politeness | |
| Tu and Vous | |
| Address Terms | |
| Politeness | |
| Further Reading | |
| Talk and Action | |
| Speech Acts | |
| Cooperation | |
| Conversation | |
| Further Reading | |
| Understanding and Intervening | |
| Gender | |
| Differences | |
| Possible Explanations | |
| Further Reading | |
| Disadvantage | |
| Codes Again | |
| African American English | |
| Consequences for Education | |
| Further Reading | |
| Planning | |
| Issues | |
| A Variety of Situations | |
| Further Examples | |
| Winners and Losers | |
| Further Reading | |
| Conclusion | |
| References | |
| Index | |
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