Preface | |
Acknowledgements | |
Introduction | |
Knowledge of Language | |
Variation | |
Language and Society | |
Sociolinguistics and the Sociology of Language | |
Methodological Concerns | |
Overview | |
Further Reading | |
Languages and Communities | |
Languages, Dialects, and Varieties | |
Language or Dialect? | |
Standardization | |
Regional Dialects | |
Social Dialects | |
Styles, Registers, and Beliefs | |
Further Reading | |
Pidgins and Creoles | |
Lingua Francas | |
Definitions | |
Distribution and Characteristics | |
Origins | |
From Pidgin to Creole and Beyond | |
Further Reading | |
Codes | |
Diglossia | |
Bilingualism and Multilingualism | |
Code-Switching | |
Accommodation | |
Further Reading | |
Speech Communities | |
Definitions | |
Intersecting Communities | |
Networks and Repertoires | |
Further Reading | |
Inherent Variety | |
Language Variation | |
Regional Variation | |
The Linguistic Variable | |
Social Variation | |
Data Collection and Analysis | |
Further Reading | |
Some Findings and Issues | |
An Early Study | |
New York City | |
Norwich and Reading | |
A Variety of Studies | |
Belfast | |
Controversies | |
Further Reading | |
Change | |
The Traditional View | |
Some Changes in Progress | |
The Process of Change | |
Further Reading | |
Words at Work | |
Words and Culture | |
Whorf | |
Kinship | |
Taxonomies | |
Color | |
Prototypes | |
Taboo and Euphemism | |
Further Reading | |
Ethnographies | |
Varieties of Talk | |
The Ethnography of Speaking | |
Ethnomethodology | |
Further Reading | |
Solidarity and Politeness | |
Tu and Vous | |
Address Terms | |
Politeness | |
Further Reading | |
Talk and Action | |
Speech Acts | |
Cooperation | |
Conversation | |
Further Reading | |
Understanding and Intervening | |
Gender | |
Differences | |
Possible Explanations | |
Further Reading | |
Disadvantage | |
Codes Again | |
African American English | |
Consequences for Education | |
Further Reading | |
Planning | |
Issues | |
A Variety of Situations | |
Further Examples | |
Winners and Losers | |
Further Reading | |
Conclusion | |
References | |
Index | |
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