Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Edition

by Kittel, Charles

• ISBN13: 9780471415268
• ISBN10: 047141526X
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-11-11
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Since the publication of the first edition over 50 years ago, Introduction to Solid State Physics has been the standard solid state physics text for physics students. The author's goal from the beginning has been to write a book that is accessible to undergraduates and consistently teachable. The emphasis in the book has always been on physics rather than formal mathematics. With each new edition, the author has attempted to add important new developments in the field without sacrificing the book's accessibility and teachability. * A very important chapter on nanophysics has been written by an active worker in the field. This field is the liveliest addition to solid state science during the past ten years * The text uses the simplifications made possible by the wide availability of computer technology. Searches using keywords on a search engine (such as Google) easily generate many fresh and useful references

Author Biography

Charles Kittel did his undergraduate work in physics at M.I.T and at the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. He worked in the solid state group at Bell Laboratories, along with Bardeen and Shockley, leaving to start the theoretical solid state physics group at Berkeley in 1951. His research has been largely in magnetism and in semiconductors. In magnetism he developed the theories of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic resonance and the theory of single ferromagnetic domains, and extended the Bloch theory of magnons. In semiconductor physics he participated in the first cyclotron and plasma resonance experiments and extended the results to the theory of impurity states and to electron-hole drops.

He has been awarded three Guggenheim fellowships, the Oliver Buckley Prize for Solid State Physics, and, for contributions to teaching, the Oersted Medal of the American Association of Physics Teachers, He is a member of the National Academy of Science and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Table of Contents

Crystal Structure	1	(22)
Periodic Array of Atoms	3	(3)
Lattice Translation Vectors	4	(1)
Basis and the Crystal Structure	5	(1)
Primitive Lattice Cell	6	(1)
Fundamental Types of Lattices	6	(5)
Two-Dimensional Lattice Types	8	(1)
Three-Dimensional Lattice Types	9	(2)
Index Systems for Crystal Planes	11	(2)
Simple Crystal Structures	13	(5)
Sodium Chloride Structure	13	(1)
Cesium Chloride Structure	14	(1)
Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (hep)	15	(1)
Diamond Structure	16	(1)
Cubic Zinc Sulfide Structure	17	(1)
Direct Imaging of Atomic Structure	18	(1)
Nonideal Crystal Structures	18	(1)
Random Stacking and Polytypism	19	(1)
Crystal Structure Data	19	(3)
Summary	22	(1)
Problems	22	(1)
Wave Diffraction and the Reciprocal Lattice	23	(24)
Diffraction of Waves by Crystals	25	(1)
Bragg Law	25	(1)
Scattered Wave Amplitude	26	(7)
Fourier Analysis	27	(2)
Reciprocal Lattice Vectors	29	(1)
Diffraction Conditions	30	(2)
Laue Equations	32	(1)
Brillouin Zones	33	(6)
Reciprocal Lattice to sc Lattice	34	(2)
Reciprocal Lattice to bcc Lattice	36	(1)
Reciprocal Lattice to fcc Lattice	37	(2)
Fourier Analysis of the Basis	39	(4)
Structure Factor of the bcc Lattice	40	(1)
Structure factor of the fcc Lattice	40	(1)
Atomic Form Factor	41	(2)
Summary	43	(1)
Problems	43	(4)
Crystal Binding and Elastic Constants	47	(42)
Crystals of Inert Gases	49	(11)
Van der Waals---London Interaction	53	(3)
Repulsive Interaction	56	(2)
Equilibrium Lattice Constants	58	(1)
Cohesive Energy	59	(1)
Ionic Crystals	60	(7)
Electrostatic or Madelung Energy	60	(4)
Evaluation of the Madelung Constant	64	(3)
Covalent Crystals	67	(2)
Metals	69	(1)
Hydrogen Bonds	70	(1)
Atomic Radii	70	(3)
Ionic Crystal Radii	72	(1)
Analysis of Elastic Strains	73	(4)
Dilation	75	(1)
Stress Components	75	(2)
Elastic Compliance and Stiffness Constants	77	(3)
Elastic Energy Density	77	(1)
Elastic Stiffness Constants of Cubic Crystals	78	(2)
Bulk Modulus and Compressibility	80	(1)
Elastic Waves in Cubic Crstals	80	(5)
Waves in the [100] Direction	81	(1)
Waves in the [110] Direction	82	(3)
Summary	85	(1)
Problems	85	(4)
Phonons I. Crystal Vibrations	89	(16)
Vibrations of Crystals with Monatomic Basis	91	(4)
First Brillouin Zone	93	(1)
Group Velocity	94	(1)
Long Wavelength Limit	94	(1)
Derivation of Force Constants from Experiment	94	(1)
Two Atoms per Primitive Basis	95	(4)
Quantization of Elastic Waves	99	(1)
Phonon Momentum	100	(1)
Inelastic Scattering by Phonons	100	(2)
Summary	102	(1)
Problems	102	(3)
Phonons 11. Thermal Properties	105	(26)
Phonon Heat Capacity	107	(12)
Planck Distribution	107	(1)
Normal Mode Enumeration	108	(1)
Density of States in One Dimension	108	(3)
Density of States in Three Dimensions	111	(1)
Debye Model for Density of States	112	(2)
Debye T3 Law	114	(1)
Einstein Model of the Density of States	114	(3)
General Result for D(w)	117	(2)
Anharmonic Crystal Interactions	119	(2)
Thermal Expansion	120	(1)
Thermal Conductivity	121	(7)
Thermal Resistivity of Phonon Gas	123	(2)
Umklapp Processes	125	(1)
Imperfecions	126	(2)
Problems	128	(3)
Free Electron Fermi Gas	131	(30)
Energy Levels in One Dimension	134	(2)
Effect of Temperature on the Fermi-Dirac Distribution	136	(1)
Free Electron Gas in Three Dimensions	137	(4)
Heat Capacity of the Electron Gas	141	(6)
Experimental Heat Capacity of Metals	145	(2)
Heavy Fermions	147	(1)
Electrical Conductivity and Ohm's Law	147	(5)
Experimental Electrical Resistivity of Metals	148	(3)
Umklapp Scattering	151	(1)
Motion in Magnetic Fields	152	(4)
Hall Effect	153	(3)
Thermal Conductivity of Metals	156	(1)
Ratio of Thermal to Electrical Conductivity	156	(1)
Problems	157	(4)
Energy Bands	161	(24)
Nearly Free Electron Model	164	(3)
Origin of the Energy Gap	165	(2)
Magnitude of the Energy Gap	167	(1)
Bloch Functions	167	(1)
Kronig-Penney Model	168	(1)
Wave Equation of Electron in a Periodic Potential	169	(11)
Restatement of the Bloch Theorem	173	(1)
Crystal Momentum of an Electron	173	(1)
Solution of the Central Equation	174	(1)
Kronig-Penney Model in Reciprocal Space	174	(2)
Empty Lattice Approximation	176	(1)
Approximate Solution Near a Zone Boundary	177	(3)
Number of Orbitals in a Band	180	(2)
Metals and Insulators	181	(1)
Summary	182	(1)
Problems	182	(3)
Semiconductor Crystals	185	(36)
Band Gap	187	(4)
Equations of Motion	191	(14)
Physical Derivation of hk = F	193	(1)
Holes	194	(3)
Effective Mass	197	(1)
Physical Interpretation of the Effective Mass	198	(2)
Effective Masses in Semiconductors	200	(2)
Silicon and Germanium	202	(3)
Intrinsic Carrier Concentration	205	(4)
Intrinsic Mobility	208	(1)
Impurity Conductivity	209	(5)
Donor States	209	(2)
Acceptor States	211	(2)
Thermal Ionization of Donors and Acceptors	213	(1)
Thermoelectric Effects	214	(1)
Semimetals	215	(1)
Superlattices	216	(1)
Bloch Oscillator	217	(1)
Zener Tunneling	217	(1)
Summary	217	(1)
Problems	218	(3)
Fermi Surfaces and Metals	221	(36)
Reduced Zone Scheme	223	(2)
Periodic Zone Scheme	225	(1)
Construction of Fermi Surfaces	226	(4)
Nearly Free Electrons	228	(2)
Electron Orbits, Hole Orbits, and Open Orbits	230	(2)
Calculation of Energy Bands	232	(10)
Tight Binding Method of Energy Bands	232	(4)
Wigner-Seitz Method	236	(1)
Cohesive Energy	237	(2)
Pseudopotential Methods	239	(3)
Experimental Methods in Fermi Surface Studies	242	(10)
Quantization of Orbits in a Magnetic Field	242	(2)
De Haas-van Alphen Effect	244	(4)
Extremal Orbits	248	(1)
Fermi Surface of Copper	249	(2)
Magnetic Breakdown	251	(1)
Summary	252	(1)
Problems	252	(5)
Superconductivity	257	(40)
Experimental Survey	259	(11)
Occurrence of Superconductivity	260	(2)
Destruction of Superconductivity of Magnetic Fields	262	(1)
Meissner Effect	262	(2)
Heat Capacity	264	(2)
Energy Gap	266	(2)
Microwave and Infrared Properties	268	(1)
Isotope Effect	269	(1)
Theoretical Survey	270	(23)
Thermodynamics of the Superconducting Transition	270	(3)
London Equation	273	(3)
Coherence Length	276	(1)
BCS Theory of Superconductivity	277	(1)
BCS Ground State	278	(1)
Flux Quantization in a Superconducting Ring	279	(3)
Duration of Persistent Currents	282	(1)
Type II Superconductors	283	(1)
Vortex State	284	(1)
Estimation of Hc1 and Hc2	284	(3)
Single Particle Tunneling	287	(2)
Josephson Superconductor Tunneling	289	(1)
Dc Josephson Effect	289	(1)
Ac Josephson Effect	290	(2)
Macroscopic Quantum Interference	292	(1)
High-Temperature Superconductors	293	(1)
Summary	294	(1)
Problems	294	(2)
Reference	296	(1)
Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism	297	(24)
Langevin Diamagnetism Equation	299	(2)
Quantum Theory of Diamagnetism of Mononuclear Systems	301	(1)
Paramagnetism	302	(1)
Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism	302	(10)
Rare Earth Ions	305	(1)
Hund Rules	306	(1)
Iron Group Ions	307	(1)
Crystal Field Splitting	307	(1)
Quenching of the Orbital Angular Momentum	308	(3)
Spectroscopic Splitting Factor	311	(1)
Van Vleck Temperature-Independent Paramagnetism	311	(1)
Cooling by Isentropic Demagnetization	312	(3)
Nuclear Demagnetization	314	(1)
Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Conduction Electrons	315	(2)
Summary	317	(1)
Problems	318	(3)
Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism	321	(40)
Ferromagnetic Order	323	(7)
Curie Point and the Exchange Integral	323	(3)
Temperature Dependence of the Saturation Magnetization	326	(2)
Saturation Magnetization at Absolute Zero	328	(2)
Magnons	330	(5)
Quantization of Spin Waves	333	(1)
Thermal Excitation of Magnons	334	(1)
Neutron Magnetic Scattering	335	(1)
Ferrimagnetic Order	336	(4)
Curie Temperature and Susceptibility of Ferrimagnets	338	(1)
Iron Garnets	339	(1)
Antiferromagnetic Order	340	(6)
Susceptibility Below the Neel Temperature	343	(1)
Antiferromagnetic Magnons	344	(2)
Ferromagnetic Domains	346	(8)
Anisotropy Energy	348	(1)
Transition Region between Domains	349	(2)
Origin of Domains	351	(1)
Coercivity and Hysteresis	352	(2)
Single Domain Particles	354	(2)
Geomagnetism and Biomagnetism	355	(1)
Magnetic Force Microscopy	355	(1)
Summary	356	(1)
Problems	357	(4)
Magnetic Resonance	361	(32)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	363	(7)
Equations of Motion	366	(4)
Line Width	370	(3)
Motional Narrowing	371	(2)
Hyperfine Splitting	373	(6)
Examples: Paramagnetic Point Defects	375	(1)
F Centers in Alkali Halides	376	(1)
Donor Atoms in Silicon	376	(1)
Knight Shift	377	(2)
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance	379	(1)
Ferromagnetic Resonance	379	(4)
Shape Effects in FMR	380	(2)
Spin Wave Resonance	382	(1)
Antiferromagnetic Resonance	383	(3)
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance	386	(1)
Exchange Narrowing	386	(1)
Zero-field Splitting	386	(1)
Principle of Maser Action	386	(4)
Three-Level Maser	388	(1)
Lasers	389	(1)
Summary	390	(1)
Problems	391	(2)
Plasmons, Polaritons, and Polarons	393	(34)
Dielectric Function of the Electron Gas	395	(6)
Definitions of the Dielectric Function	395	(1)
Plasma Optics	396	(1)
Dispersion Relation for Electromagnetic Waves	397	(1)
Transverse Optical Modes in a Plasma	398	(1)
Transparency of Metals in the Ultraviolet	398	(1)
Longitudinal Plasma Oscillations	398	(3)
Plasmons	401	(2)
Electrostatic Screening	403	(7)
Screened Coulomb Potential	406	(1)
Pseudopotential Component U(0)	407	(1)
Mott Metal-Insulator Transition	407	(2)
Screening and Phonons in Metals	409	(1)
Polaritons	410	(7)
LST Relation	414	(3)
Electron-Electron Interaction	417	(3)
Fermi Liquid	417	(1)
Electron-Electron Collisions	417	(3)
Electron-Phonon Interaction: Polarons	420	(2)
Peierls Instability of Linear Metals	422	(2)
Summary	424	(1)
Problems	424	(3)
Optical Processes and Excitons	427	(26)
Optical Reflectance	429	(6)
Kramers-Kronig Relations	430	(2)
Mathematical Note	432	(1)
Example: Conductivity of collisionless Electron Gas	433	(1)
Electronic Interband Transitions	434	(1)
Excitons	435	(9)
Frenkel Excitons	437	(3)
Alkali Halides	440	(1)
Molecular Crystals	440	(1)
Weakly Bound (Mott-Wannier) Excitons	441	(1)
Exciton Condensation into Electron-Hole Drops (EHD)	441	(3)
Raman Effects in Crystals	444	(4)
Electron Spectroscopy with X-Rays	447	(1)
Energy Loss of Fast Particles in a Solid	448	(1)
Summary	449	(1)
Problems	450	(3)
Dielectrics and Ferroelectrics	453	(34)
Maxwell Equations	455	(1)
Polarization	455	(1)
Macroscopic Electric Field	456	(4)
Depolarization Field, E1	458	(2)
Local Electric Field at an Atom	460	(3)
Lorentz Field, E2	462	(1)
Field of Dipoles Inside Cavity, E3	462	(1)
Dielectric Constant and Polarizability	463	(4)
Electronic Polarizability	464	(2)
Classical Theory of Electronic Polarizability	466	(1)
Structural Phase Transitions	467	(1)
Ferroelectric Crystals	467	(4)
Classification of Ferroelectric Crystals	469	(2)
Displacive Transitions	471	(11)
Soft Optical Phonons	473	(1)
Landau Theory of the Phase Transition	474	(1)
Second-Order Transition	475	(2)
First-Order Transition	477	(2)
Antiferroelectricity	479	(1)
Ferroelectric Domains	479	(2)
Piezoelectricity	481	(1)
Summary	482	(1)
Problems	483	(4)
Surface and Interface Physics	487	(28)
Reconstruction and Relaxation	489	(1)
Surface Crystallography	490	(4)
Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction	493	(1)
Surface Electronic Structure	494	(4)
Work Function	494	(1)
Thermionic Emission	495	(1)
Surface States	495	(2)
Tangential Surface Transport	497	(1)
Magnetoresistance in a Two-Dimensional Channel	498	(5)
Integral Quantized Hall Effect (IQHE)	499	(1)
IQHE in Real Systems	500	(3)
Fractional Quantized Hall Effect (FQHE)	503	(1)
p-n Junctions	503	(4)
Rectification	504	(2)
Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Detectors	506	(1)
Schottky Barrier	506	(1)
Heterostructures	507	(3)
n-N Heterojunction	508	(2)
Semiconductor Lasers	510	(1)
Light-Emitting Diodes	511	(2)
Problems	513	(2)
Nanostructures	515	(50)
Imaging Techniques for Nanostructures	519	(9)
Electron Microscopy	520	(1)
Optical Microscopy	521	(2)
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy	523	(3)
Atomic Force Microscopy	526	(2)
Electronic Structure of ID Systems	528	(5)
One-Dimensional Subbands	528	(1)
Spectroscopy of Van Hove Singularities	529	(2)
ID Metals -- Coluomb Interactions and Lattice Copulings	531	(2)
Electrical Transport in 1D	533	(12)
Conductance Quantization and the Landauer Formula	533	(3)
Two Barriers in Series-resonant Tunneling	536	(2)
Incoherent Addition and Ohm's Law	538	(1)
Localization	539	(1)
Voltage Probes and the Buttiker-Landauer Formalism	540	(5)
Electronic Structure of 0D Systems	545	(6)
Quantized Energy Levels	545	(1)
Semiconductor Nanocrystals	545	(2)
Metallic Dots	547	(2)
Discrete Charge States	549	(2)
Electrical Transport in 0D	551	(6)
Coulomb Oscillations	551	(3)
Spin, Mott Insulators, and the Kondo Effect	554	(2)
Cooper Pairing in Superconducting Dots	556	(1)
Vibrational and Thermal Properties of Nanostructures	557	(5)
Quantized Vibrational Modes	557	(2)
Transverse Vibrations	559	(2)
Heat Capacity and Thermal Transport	561	(1)
Summary	562	(1)
Problems	562	(3)
Noncrystalline Solids	565	(18)
Diffraction Pattern	567	(6)
Monatomic Amorphous Materials	568	(1)
Radial Distribution Function	569	(1)
Structure of Vitreous Silica, SiO2	570	(3)
Glasses	573	(2)
Viscosity and the Hopping Rate	574	(1)
Amorphous Ferromagnets	575	(2)
Amorphous Semiconductors	577	(1)
Low Energy Excitations in Amorphous Solids	578	(3)
Heat Capacity Calculation	578	(1)
Thermal Conductivity	579	(2)
Fiber Optics	581	(1)
Rayleigh Attenuation	582	(1)
Problems	582	(1)
Point Defects	583	(14)
Lattice Vacancies	585	(3)
Diffusion	588	(4)
Metals	591	(1)
Color Centers	592	(5)
F Centers	592	(1)
Other Centers in Alkali Halides	593	(2)
Problems	595	(2)
Dislocations	597	(22)
Shear Strength of Single Crystals	599	(2)
Slip	600	(1)
Dislocations	601	(12)
Burgers Vectors	604	(1)
Stress Fields of Dislocations	605	(2)
Low-angle Grain Boundaries	607	(3)
Dislocation Densities	610	(1)
Dislocation Multiplication and Slip	611	(2)
Strength of Alloys	613	(2)
Dislocations and Crystal Growth	615	(2)
Whiskers	616	(1)
Hardness of Materials	617	(1)
Problems	618	(1)
Alloys	619	(22)
General Considerations	621	(3)
Substitutional Solid Solutions---Hume-Rothery Rules	624	(3)
Order-Disorder Transformation	627	(5)
Elementary Theory of Order	629	(3)
Phase Diagrams	632	(2)
Eutectics	632	(2)
Transition Metal Alloys	634	(3)
Electrical Conductivity	636	(1)
Kondo Effect	637	(3)
Problems	640	(1)
Appendix A: Temperature Dependence of the Reflection Lines	641	(3)
Appendix B: Ewald Calculation of Lattice Sums	644	(4)
Ewald-Kornfeld Method for Lattice Sums for Dipole Arrays	647	(1)
Appendix C: Quantization of Elastic Waves: Phonons	648	(4)
Phonon Coordinates	649	(2)
Creation and Annihilation Operators	651	(1)
Appendix D: Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function	652	(3)
Appendix E: Derivation of the dk/dt Equation	655	(1)
Appendix F: Boltzmann Transport Equation	656	(5)
Particle Diffusion	657	(1)
Classical Distribution	658	(1)
Fermi-Dirac Distribution	659	(2)
Electrical Conductivity	661	(1)
Appendix G: Vector Potential, Field Momentum, and Gauge Transformations	661	(4)
Lagrangian Equations of Motion	662	(1)
Derivation of the Hamiltonian	663	(1)
Field Momentum	663	(2)
Gauge Transformation	664	(1)
Gauge in the London Equation	665	(1)
Appendix H: Cooper Pairs	665	(2)
Appendix I: Ginzburg-Landau Equation	667	(4)
Appendix J: Electron-Phonon Collisions	671	(4)
Index	675